← Boren–Farmer home Will’s family: Davis–Trenckmann →

The Family of Kari Elizabeth Boren Davis

Boren & Byrd (paternal)  •  Farmer & Boughan (maternal)  •  Lubbock, Texas  •  compiled from FindAGrave, obituaries, and family records
Version 1.20  •  August 12, 2026

Key

Documented — supported by a record (grave, obituary, census)
Living — limited public record by design; details from family
Research lead — a name we have but haven't yet documented, or a record wall to break through. These are the next places to dig.
Probable — proof pending — the reconstruction fits every record found and multiple independent sources agree, but the single decisive record (a census image, birth certificate, or will image) is still to be pulled.
⑂ Branch point — a wife's ancestry opens a new surname line. On this draft: Byrd (through Geneva Byrd), Boughan (through Wanda Boughan), the Huguenot Micou line (through Martha Ellen Micou), and the Lee royal-gateway candidate line (through Mary Lee).
Her children: Elia Elizabeth Davis (b. Jan 24, 2007)  •  Hannah Joy Davis (b. Jan 15, 2009)  •  Sarah Grace Davis (b. Jan 18, 2011)
b. September 14, 1981  •  m. (June 1, 2002) Will Davis (William Jewell Davis Jr., b. May 5, 1982) — his line: the Davis–Trenckmann family
Full sister: Krista Ann Boren Singleton (via Gary & Ann)  •  Half-siblings (via Gary & Lisa Boren): Katy Layne Boren, Christopher Olin Boren
← Will's family
Will Davis
The Davis–Trenckmann family tree — open his lineage
Jump straight to either side of the family
▼ Father’s line — Boren & Byrd ▼ Mother’s line — Farmer & Boughan
Paternal — Boren & Byrd
Father
Gary Olin Boren
b. October 11, 1951  •  living
b. Lubbock, Texas
m. (1st) Ann Farmer — Kari's mother; her ancestry opens the Farmer line (right column).  •  m. (later) Lisa Boren.
⑂ FARMER — Ann Farmer's line is the maternal branch (see right column)
Living
Grandfather & Grandmother
Percy Olin Boren
June 17, 1921 – July 23, 1995
City of Lubbock Cemetery, Block 47  •  WWII veteran  •  founding member, Trinity Church, Lubbock
m. Geneva Byrd (1923–2025), ~51 years — her ancestry opens the Byrd branch below
⑂ BYRD — Geneva Byrd's line opens the Byrd branch (see panel below)
Documented · FindAGrave #8501894
Great-grandparents (Boren & Hamlett)
Olin Richmond Boren & Mattie Myriah Hamlett Boren
Olin Mar 23, 1882 – Jul 22, 1952  •  Mattie Sep 6, 1899 – Nov 23, 1983
Percy's parents  •  Olin b. Hopkins County, TX, raised on a Portales, New Mexico homestead from 1901; d. Lubbock, buried Portales Cemetery  •  Mattie b. Breckenridge, Stephens County, TX; d. Lubbock, buried Resthaven  •  married July 20, 1920, Clovis, New Mexico — Percy arrived eleven months later, and carried his father's name Olin
Children: Percy Olin (1921–1995), Enoch, Earl, Mack, Alvarena "Nonie" Schwartzkopff (1929–2020), Julia Faye (1936–1937). Nonie's 2020 obituary lists brother "Percy Boren (deceased)" — the best online record naming Percy into this family.  •  Mattie's parents open a Hamlett line: Jonah Biddle Hamlett (1859, Kentucky – 1940, Portales) & U. Dora White (1880, Glen Rose, TX – 1959, Lubbock)
Probable — proof pending · sibling obituary + FindAGrave & census convergence; 1930 census image will clinch it
Great-great-grandparents (Boren)
Enoch Boren & Alvarena Boren
Enoch Dec 6, 1852 – Sep 7, 1908  •  Alvarena Aug 9, 1846 – Nov 19, 1930
Olin's parents  •  Enoch b. Collin County, TX; married Alvarena 1879; in early 1901 they homesteaded three miles west of Portales, New Mexico (per her 1930 obituary); both buried Portales Cemetery  •  A twist: Alvarena was born a Boren — daughter of Michael Boren & Mary Ann Ridgeway of Milam County, TX — so both of Olin's parents were Borens, likely cousins from the pioneer Collin/Dallas County Boren families
Enoch's parents: Henry B. Boren (1828–1868) & Louisa Baccus (1829–1880)  •  Olin's siblings Louisa Vashti and Percy A. both died as teenagers in 1902 — Percy Olin was named for his late uncle
Probable — proof pending · four FindAGrave memorials + quoted 1930 obituary agree
Boren wall — broken (pending final proof). The family's trail runs Texas → Portales, New Mexico → Lubbock. To convert "probable" to "documented": the 1930 census household (Roosevelt or Curry County, NM — Percy age 8), Percy's Social Security claims-index entry (names parents), and his July 1995 Lubbock Avalanche-Journal obituary. New surnames opened: Hamlett, White, Baccus, Ridgeway — and the double-Boren cousin marriage to untangle one generation up.
↩ back up to where this branched off

⑂ Branch Point — the Byrd Line (through Geneva Byrd)

Geneva Byrd married Percy Boren. Through her, Kari's paternal grandmother's line reaches back into a Tennessee family — one generation already documented from Geneva's obituary.
Geneva Byrd Boren
August 14, 1923 – June 18, 2025
b. Tennessee  •  d. Lubbock, Texas  •  founder of G. Boren Services (temporary staffing, est. 1960); founding member, Trinity Church; missions to Africa
Second-oldest of the six Byrd children  •  siblings: Genar, Geloam, Gerome, Gerena, Genet
Documented · Sanders Funeral Home obituary
3rd-great-grandparents (Boren) — new
⚔ Henry B. Boren & Louisa Baccus Boren
Henry Mar 10, 1828 – Apr 9, 1868  •  Louisa 1829 – 1880
Enoch's parents  •  Henry b. Arkansas, d. Collin County, Texas  •  married February 22, 1849 in Lamar County, Texas
Henry was killed in the Lee–Peacock Feud — the Reconstruction-era conflict fought across Fannin, Grayson, Collin and Hunt Counties between former Confederates under Bob Lee and Unionists under Lewis Peacock. Around fifty men died in it between 1867 and 1871. Henry was forty; Louisa outlived him by twelve years.
His brothers were James, Israel, John and Richmond “Mack” Boren, and his own son Richmond M. Boren was born in 1865 — almost certainly where the name in Olin Richmond Boren comes from, two generations later.
Documented · FindAGrave #40691554, which names his parents and siblings outright · Lamar Co. marriage record
4th- and 5th-great-grandparents (Boren)
William M. Boren & Julia Ann Dye Boren
William Nov 19, 1787 – 1877  •  Julia 1791 – 1875
Henry's parents  •  William b. Pendleton District, South Carolina, d. Collin County, Texas  •  married 1812
He was born the year the Constitution was written and died the year Reconstruction ended — ninety years that cover the whole first century of the country.
Probable — proof pending: two independent compilations converge on this parentage, but no will or census image has been read directly. The 1850 Collin County census household would settle it.
James Boren Sr. & Nancy
James c. 1768 – Oct 20, 1826  •  Nancy b. c. 1786
William's parents  •  James b. North Carolina, d. Hempstead County, Arkansas; Nancy b. South Carolina, maiden name unrecorded
Their children: William M. (1787), James Jr., Matthew, Miriam Delilah, Elijah Thomas, Michael Sr. (1806), Temelia Mary, Joseph, and Sarah Ledbetter.
This is where the two Boren lines meet, and it explains the cousin marriage. Olin Richmond Boren's parents were both Borens — Enoch Boren married Alvarena Boren. This page has flagged that for months without being able to say why. Now we can: Alvarena's father Michael Boren and Henry's father William M. Boren were brothers, both sons of James Sr. Enoch and Alvarena were first cousins once removed, and the family converges here, around 1768.
Probable — proof pending: compiled sources converge, corroborated by an 1874 pension application and Michael's 1876 Ellis County will. Next record: Hempstead County, Arkansas probate, 1826.
John Boren Sr. & Sarah
John c. 1726 – Aug 27, 1814
James's parents  •  d. Sumner County, Tennessee; Sarah's maiden name unrecorded
This is the wall on the Boren male line. Nothing found places him before Tennessee. The Virginia–North Carolina corridor is the usual route for a man of his generation ending up in Sumner County, but that is a pattern, not a record, and we are not writing it down as fact. One conflict to resolve first: a compiled profile gives his death as 1821 rather than 1814.
Probable — proof pending. Next records: the 1810 and 1820 Sumner County census, and any Sumner County will naming a son James.
Great-grandparents (Byrd)
Leonard E. Byrd & Thelma Hickman Byrd
Leonard Mar 22, 1892 – 1973  •  Thelma 1902 – 1953
Geneva's parents  •  Leonard b. Lawrence County (Lawrenceburg), Tennessee; married Thelma there Sep 13, 1919, then to Dickens County and Lubbock, Texas  •  Thelma's maiden name Hickman
Their children — the "Ge-" set: Genar Leonard (1920–1999), Geneva (1923–2025), Genet Cooper (1925– ), Gerena "Toots" Womack (1927–2011), Gerome (1929–2011), Geloam (1934–2009)
Documented · FindAGrave #8373973 (Leonard) & #8509555 (Thelma) · Lawrence Co. TN Archives marriage index, "Byrd, Leonard — Hickman, Thelma — 13 September 1919"
New — the marriage is now a county record. The Lawrence County Archives index of marriages 1818–1969 carries the entry outright, so the date no longer rests on family memory. An open question came with it: the same index also shows "Byrd, Leonard — Wiseman, Minnie — 19 November 1916" in the same county, three years earlier. Either Leonard married Thelma as a young widower, or there were two Leonard Byrds in Lawrence County. Not resolved — the 1920 census household should settle it.
Thelma's parents remain untraced. The index entry names no father. The records most likely to name them: the original 1919 licence image (the Lawrence County Archives will pull it on request), the 1910 and 1920 Lawrence County census, and her 1953 Texas death certificate.
Great-great-grandparents (Byrd & Tyler)
Valentine Ausburn “V.A.” Byrd & Ellen Aurene Tyler Byrd
Valentine Jul 4, 1844 – Jul 12, 1921  •  Ellen Oct 1, 1854 – Oct 25, 1957 (aged 103)
Leonard's parents  •  Valentine of Lawrence County, Tennessee (Yarbrough Cemetery); Ellen b. Spring Hill, Hempstead County, Arkansas, d. Spur, Dickens County, TX  •  married May 12, 1876 in Lauderdale County, Alabama — Florence is the county seat, so the family's "married at Florence" is confirmed and now dated  •  Ellen's maiden name Tyler
Civil War: Valentine was of soldier age in Confederate Tennessee, and a Confederate widow's pension is associated with Ellen — so Confederate service is strongly indicated. His service file is the record still to pull.
⚔ Confederate service — strongly indicated
⚔ A descendant's account, recovered. Ellen's WikiTree profile carries this, written by a great-granddaughter of their son Manuel: "Valentine was in the civil war and was injured at Pond Creek in Alabama. The injury left him with a limp in his walk." That is family testimony, not a service record — but it is specific enough to check, and it names an engagement and an injury. The Tennessee Confederate pension application filed on Ellen's behalf is the document that would confirm it.
Checked: his memorial lists no parents — that wall stands. But it does give all eight children: Mollie Volarie (1874), James Riley (1877), Calvin Luther (1880), Grover Cleveland "Teab" (1884), Manuel (1890), Viola (1895), Leonard Elsie (1896) — our line, middle name now recovered — and Olden Everett "Pete" (1901). ⚠ The second Byrd–Hickman marriage is usually given to a daughter. It was a son. A full search of the Lawrence County marriage index in both directions returns no Hickman groom who married a Byrd bride in any year. The real second Byrd–Hickman marriage in this generation is a son: "Byrd, C. L. — Hickman, Ella — 10 September 1903" — Calvin Luther Byrd, born 1880, Leonard's older brother. So the Byrds did marry Hickmans twice; it was two brothers, not a brother and a sister. (The same index also plausibly catches two more of the eight: "Bird, G. C. — Hardy, Daisy — 1903" for Grover Cleveland, and "Byrd, O. E. — Martin, Mary — 1921" for Olden Everett.)
Documented · FindAGrave #65888992 (Valentine) & #86296492 (Ellen)
3rd-great-grandparents (Tyler)
Calvin Washington Tyler Sr. & Elizabeth Lenan Gist Tyler
Calvin 1825 – 1884  •  Elizabeth 1832 – 1919
Ellen Tyler's parents  •  Calvin b. Alabama, d. Franklin County, AL (buried Courtland, Lawrence County, AL)  •  Elizabeth's maiden name Gist
Documented · FindAGrave #139169132 · 1860 & 1870 census, Franklin County, Alabama
Elizabeth's parents found — see the card below. Her dates are now exact: Feb 1832 – March 22, 1919, Lawrence County, Alabama. Her brothers and sisters were Angeline (Pace), Sarah C., Frances Caroline (Vinson), Martha Jane (McGough), William Harrison, Rowena Eveline (Pace) and Christopher Columbus Gist.
⚠ The Gist name trap — read this before anyone gets excited. This family named its sons Christopher C. Gist and Christopher Columbus Gist, and a William Harrison Gist. That naming pattern is exactly what tempts researchers into claiming descent from Christopher Gist the explorer — George Washington's guide — or from the Gist governors of South Carolina. It is not evidence of anything. These are patriotic given names, the same impulse that produced a Grover Cleveland Byrd in this very tree. The descent itself is closed by Y-DNA: the Gist/Guess/Guest families of Lawrence, Winston, Walker and Marion Counties, Alabama are genetically distinct from the colonial Maryland Gists. Ruled out by DNA, not merely unproven.
4th-great-grandparents (Tyler & Gist) — new
Henry Tyler Sr. & Sarah “Sally” Self
Henry c. 1792 – c. 1860  •  Sarah c. 1800 – c. 1860
Calvin Washington Tyler’s parents  •  married March 4, 1819 in Blount County, Alabama  •  farming in District 6, Franklin County, Alabama by 1850, where Henry is enumerated aged 60  •  Sarah born in Tennessee
This is the generation that puts the family in Alabama. Blount County in 1819 was raw frontier — Alabama would not become a state until December of that year, three weeks after they were already married in it.
Documented · Alabama County Marriages 1809–1950, Henry Tyler and Sally Self, Blount County (FHL microfilm 1,299,236) · 1850 census, Franklin County, Alabama, p. 221a
Henry’s link down to Calvin is carried by compiled genealogies, not yet by a record that states it — probable, proof pending
⚠ Two birthplaces, one man. Compiled trees say Henry was born at Orangeburg, South Carolina. The 1850 census — taken with him standing there — says North Carolina. Both cannot be right, and we have chosen not to quietly pick the prettier one. The census is the better witness; the South Carolina claim is unverified. Henry’s own parents are unknown, and this is now the wall on this branch.
Christopher C. Gist & Mary McNutt
Christopher c. June 15, 1804 – c. June 19, 1882  •  Mary c. 1808 – c. 1874
Elizabeth Lenan Gist’s parents  •  both born in Tennessee, the family in Alabama by the 1830s
Their children included Angeline, Sarah C., Frances Caroline, Martha Jane, William Harrison, Rowena Eveline, Christopher Columbus, and our Elizabeth Lenan.
Probable — proof pending: carried by compiled genealogies with census support; the record that would settle it is the 1840 or 1850 Alabama census showing Elizabeth in the household
See the Gist name-trap note above. Christopher C. Gist here is not Christopher Gist the explorer, who died in 1759, nor a proven relation of his. He is a Tennessee-born farmer who happened to carry a famous name, in a family that also produced a Christopher Columbus.
Byrd & Tyler next steps. The Byrd and Tyler families sit in Lawrence County, Tennessee and north Alabama (Courtland / Franklin Co.). Next climbs: Valentine Byrd's own parents (b. 1844), Calvin Tyler's parents (b. 1825), and Thelma Hickman's line. New surname just opened: Gist (Elizabeth).
Maternal — Farmer & Boughan
Mother
Ann Farmer Boren Stafford
b. May 2, 1955  •  living
grew up in Lubbock, Texas  •  married Gary Boren (Kari's parents); later m. John Wesley “Jack” Stafford (d. May 17, 2024)
Sister: Jennie Farmer Cruzan (m. Phil Cruzan)
Living
Grandfather & Grandmother
Wesley Gray Farmer
August 2, 1932 – February 12, 2003
b. Fannin County (Bonham), TX  •  d. Lubbock; Resthaven Memorial Park  •  Texas Tech graduate (1955); U.S. Naval Reserve; owned Kwik Stop stores; Texas state dairy inspector
m. (Dec 29, 1951, Ardmore, OK) Wanda Boughan  •  sister: Mattie Bell Bartlett (Smyer, TX)
Documented · FindAGrave #44647394
Wanda L. Boughan Farmer
November 12, 1930 – October 16, 2019
b. Bonham, Fannin County, TX  •  d. Lubbock  •  Bonham High School; co-owned Kwik Stop with Wesley
Her parents open the Boughan branch below
⑂ BOUGHAN — Wanda's parents open the Boughan line (see panel below)
Documented · Dignity Memorial obituary
Great-grandparents (Farmer — Wesley's parents)
Wesley Farmer & Grace Miller Farmer
dates not yet recovered  •  living in Bonham, Fannin County, TX in 1950
Wesley Gray's parents — proved two ways: his sister Mattie Belle Bartlett's obituary (b. May 10, 1923, Bonham) names her parents as "Wesley and Grace Miller Farmer" and lists Wesley Gray's widow Wanda and daughters Jennie Cruzan and Ann Stafford as her own in-laws; and the 1950 census (Bonham, ED 74-4) shows 17-year-old Wesley in Wesley & Grace's household
Known children: Mattie Belle (1923–2011) & Wesley Gray (1932–2003)  •  Grace's maiden name Miller opens a Miller line — compiled lead (unverified): daughter of Samuel G. Miller & Mattie Bell Witcher; note that Grace named her own daughter Mattie Bell
Documented · reciprocal obituaries + 1950 census
Farmer wall — broken. Wesley Gray Farmer's parents are now documented. Next climbs: Wesley Sr. & Grace's own dates, graves, and marriage record (~1920, Fannin County); Wesley Gray's 1932 Texas birth certificate for the official record; and testing the Miller → Witcher lead in the 1910/1920 Fannin County censuses. Their graves are not at Willow Wild or Fannin Memorial Gardens (both rosters checked) — try rural Fannin cemeteries or Lubbock.
↩ back up to where this branched off

⑂ Branch Point — the Boughan Line (through Wanda Boughan)

Wanda Boughan married Wesley Farmer. This is by far the deepest branch on Kari's tree — now traced past Essex County, Virginia all the way to two colonial immigrants: James Boughan, in Virginia by 1655, and, through Martha Ellen Micou, the Huguenot refugee Paul Micou (c. 1658–1736).
Great-grandparents (Boughan)
Clyde William Boughan & Lena Pettigrew Boughan
Clyde May 3, 1909 – Feb 10, 1978  •  Lena 1912 – 2000
Wanda's parents  •  Clyde b. Las Animas County, Colorado; d. Lubbock (Resthaven)  •  married Aug 4, 1928, Coal County, Oklahoma  •  Lena's maiden name Pettigrew (opens a Pettigrew line)
Documented · FindAGrave #27805661
Great-great-grandparents (Boughan)
James Roy Boughan & Ella M. Thomas Boughan
James Roy Jan 18, 1880 – 1973  •  Ella 1883 – 1971
Clyde's parents  •  James Roy b. Mobile, Alabama; d. Clinton, Oklahoma  •  married ~1900  •  Ella's maiden name Thomas
Documented · FindAGrave #21855839
3rd-great-grandparents (Boughan)
James Coella Boughan & Mary Jane Leavens
James Coella Mar 3, 1849 – Jun 15, 1941
James Roy's parents  •  James Coella b. Essex County, Virginia (a colonial-Virginia root); d. Cortez, Colorado  •  Mary Jane's maiden name Leavens
Documented · FindAGrave #129590037
4th-great-grandparents (Boughan & Micou)
James Henry Boughan & Martha Ellen Micou
James Henry Sep 20, 1820 – Nov 30, 1862  •  Martha Ellen May 28, 1823 – 1867
James Coella's parents, both of Essex County, Virginia  •  James Henry a farmer, died of typhoid during the Civil War; the couple married Jan 14, 1841  •  Martha's maiden name Micou — a French Huguenot family that opens the Micou line below
⑂ MICOU — Martha Ellen Micou's line reaches a Huguenot immigrant (see below)
Documented · Essex Co. VA censuses (1830/1850/1860), 1841 marriage & 1842 chancery record
5th-great-grandparents (Boughan)
Henry H. Boughan & Julia Wood
both born before 1792  •  Henry d. 1843  •  Julia d. Oct 11, 1839 at "Mt Pisgah" (Boughan family Bible)
James Henry's parents, of Essex County, Virginia  •  married by bond Oct 10, 1808 — the bond names Julia "daughter of Sally Wood," and a 1808 guardian record lists Julia among the orphans of Capt. William Wood: her parents were Capt. William Wood (~1771–~1800) & Sally Dix, and William was a brother of Carter Wood (see the Wood & Garnett panel below) — making Julia's son and Carter's granddaughter, who married in 1841, second cousins  •  Henry died in 1843 — a county paper later recalled he "died in church while kneeling at prayer"
Documented · 1808 marriage bond & guardian record; 1817 estate division; 1843 chancery
6th-great-grandparents (Boughan)
Griffing Boughan & Mary Rowzee
Griffing 1750 – before 1795  •  Mary a daughter of John Rowzee
Henry H. Boughan's parents, of Essex County, Virginia  •  Griffing was named the "only son Griffing" in his own father's 1750 will
Documented · Augustine Boughan’s 1750 will (Essex Will Bk 9) · Essex Deed Bk 31 pp. 96–97 (1773) names Mary as daughter of John Rowzee
New branch point — the Rowzee line runs back to Antwerp. Mary Rowzee’s family came out of Flanders by way of Kent. See the Rowzee panel below.
7th-great-grandparents (Boughan)
Augustine Boughan & Hannah Griffing
Augustine Oct 8, 1716 – Dec 27, 1750
Griffing's parents, of Essex County, Virginia  •  Hannah a daughter of James Griffing  •  Augustine's own 1750 will names son Griffing
Documented (below) · his 1750 will
Hardened. This was previously flagged as the softest link in the chain. John Boughan’s own will (Essex Will Bk 3, pp. 178–180, 1719/20) settles it in his own words: he leaves the home plantation to his wife Susanna and "after her decease… to my Son Augustine Boughan," and separately provides for "my son John Boughan." Not an inference from a compiled tree — a father naming his son.
8th-great-grandparents (Boughan)
John Boughan & Susannah (North? Ley?)
⚠ Two compiled sources disagree about her, and both are shown. One gives her as Susannah North. The other gives her as Susannah Ley, daughter of a Ley father and a mother named Rose North — which would put the North blood one generation further back. Neither version has a primary record behind it that we have seen, so we are showing both rather than picking. The record that would settle it is an Essex County, Virginia will or order-book entry naming John Boughan’s widow, 1720–1726.
John before 1684 – 1720
Augustine's parents, of Essex County, Virginia  •  John left a will dated Feb 13, 1719, proved Jul 19, 1720
Documented · John's 1719/20 will
9th-great-grandparents (Boughan)
James Boughan — Burgess of Virginia & Mary
James c. 1650 – 1712
John's parents; the eldest son of the immigrant  •  sat in the Virginia House of Burgesses (1698–1710) and was made a justice of the peace by order of King William III in 1699
Documented · Burgess & justice-of-the-peace records
The Virginia immigrant (Boughan)
James Boughan — the immigrant & Thomasin
James c. 1630 – 1678  •  Thomasin (widow Harper)
The founder of the family in America — in Virginia by 1655, with land patents in 1658 and 1665. A 1678 deed dividing jointly-held land among his sons (James, John, Henry, Alexander) fixes them as his children — the line runs through the eldest, James the Burgess. This is the deepest documented ancestor on Kari's entire tree.
Documented · land patents 1658/1665 & the 1678 Essex Co. deed
↩ back up to where this branched off

⑂ Branch Point — the Rowzee Line (through Mary Rowzee): Antwerp → Kent → Virginia

Kari already has one continental Protestant refugee line, the Micou Huguenots out of France. This is a second, entirely independent one — a Flemish family out of Antwerp that settled in Kent, and whose head was a licensed physician and a published author. It is not a royal line, and we are not going to dress it as one. It is something rarer: a colonial ancestor you can look up in a library catalogue.
Dr. Lodowick Rowzee — the head of the line
Dr. Lodowick (Lewis) Rowzee & Sarah Hawkins
Lodowick c.1586×1590 – 1655, Ashford, Kent  •  Sarah b. c.1603/4, All Saints’ parish, Canterbury
Marriage licence dated 19 September 1626; she of St Peter’s, Canterbury, he of Ashford  •  Lodowick born in Antwerp to a Flemish Protestant family — “Rowzee” anglicises the Walloon Rousée  •  licensed to practise physic in 1619  •  denizated 3 April 1630 — “Louis Rouzee, Dr. of medicine, born in the parts beyond the seas”  •  practising at Ashford in Kent
📖 He wrote a book, and it survives. The Queenes Welles: that is, a Treatise of the Nature and Vertues of Tunbridge Water, London, John Dawson, 1632 — the title page reads “By Lodwick Rowzee, Dr. of Physicke, practising at Ashford in Kent.” Copies are held by the Wellcome Collection and reproduced in Early English Books Online, and copies have passed through the antiquarian trade at Bonhams and Sokol Books. This is the one ancestor on either side of this family whose own words you can still open and read.
Their children: daughters Sarah, Martha and Katherine; sons Lodowick Jr., Edward, and Ralph — our line.
Documented · the 1632 imprint itself (Wellcome / EEBO) · Lillian Baird Blackwell, “The Rouzie–Baird Family of Epping Forest,” Essex County (Va.) Historical Society Bulletin 46, May 2006
His patent, verbatim. Nugent, Cavaliers and Pioneers, vol. 1, p. 366: “JAMES BAUGHAN, 250 acs. Rappa. Co., 9 June 1658, p. 174, (260). Adj. tract surveyed for Samuell Parry… Trans. of 5 pers.* Renewed 18 Mar. 1662.” He had bought his first 250 acres from Oliver Seager in July 1655.
Why his English origin is blank — stated precisely rather than left vague. That asterisk is Nugent’s own symbol for “the omission or partial list of headrights,” so the five people he transported were never fully recorded, and the one document most likely to have named him is defective exactly there. Across forty-three years of Virginia land patents he appears once, as a patentee, and never as a headright — nobody who patented land brought him over. And he signed with a mark, “James his E mark Bohn,” so he was illiterate, which puts him outside the visitations and gentry wills where English origins are usually found. Bohn is a spelling nobody has yet searched.
The live thread: the 1678 deed says brothers, not sons. “I James Boughan Doe for ye Singlular love & affection I beare to my brothers John Boughan, Henry Boughan, & Alexander Boughan…” The likelier reading is that the grantor is James the younger, dividing his late father’s patent among his three brothers days after the father’s death. But if the grantor really is the immigrant, then four Boughan brothers emigrated together — and a sibling set named James, John, Henry and Alexander is an extremely searchable signature in English parish registers. The original deed, Old Rappahannock Deed Book 6 pp. 40–41, settles it: check whether the grantor signs by mark or by hand.
Next records: the 1662 renewal of his patent, which may re-enter the headright names the first clerk skipped; and Old Rappahannock Deed Book 2, pp. 31–32, the 1655 Seager purchase — deeds of that decade often style a grantee “of [English parish].”
Sarah’s parents and grandfather (Canterbury)
Ralph Hawkins & Martha Bawdyn (Baldwin)
married 1594  •  Ralph an Alderman of Canterbury by 1623
All Saints’ parish, Canterbury, Kent  •  Ralph a tailor, then Alderman of the city
Sarah’s parentage is proved by her first marriage licence. Cowper, Canterbury Marriage Licences, Second Series 1619–1660, p. 110: “Catlet, John, of Sittingbourne, yeom., ba., about 24, and Sarah Hawkins of All Saints’ Cant., v., about 19, d. of Ralph Hawkins, s. p., Alderman, who consents. At Preston n. Faversham, April 20, 1623.” One entry gives her maiden name, her father’s forename and parish, his civic office, his consent, her age and the venue.
“Martha Baldwin” is now confirmed rather than inherited — and it adds a generation. The Roll of the Freemen of Canterbury records Ralph admitted to the city’s freedom by marriage: “Hawkyns, Ralph, tailor = Martha, d. of Ralph Bawdyn, Alderman. 1594.” So Martha’s father was Ralph Bawdyn (Bawden, Baldwin), himself a tailor made free in 1564 and an Alderman by 1586. In January 1600 father-in-law and son-in-law stood joint bond at another Hawkins–Badwin wedding. A tailor who married an alderman-tailor’s daughter and rose to the same bench — a textbook Canterbury civic career, and it explains how a Kentish alderman’s daughter came to marry a Flemish physician.
The freemen-roll entry sits across an OCR break on p. 82 and was reconstructed from two snippets whose alphabetical order forces the join. A look at the page image would make it unimpeachable.
⚠ There is a second, younger Ralph Hawkins of All Saints’, Canterbury — a mariner who married Margaret Wilcox in 1641, son of Matthew Hawkins, brewer. A kinsman, not the Alderman. Anyone searching this name meets him first.
Two things commonly said about this branch are wrong. Sarah is usually given as born at St Peter’s; the licence puts her and her father in All Saints’, and St Peter’s is only where she lived as a widow — so her baptism should be sought in a register nobody has searched. And the 1626 marriage is often said to have been “witnessed by Thomas Hawkins — the mother’s family.” It was not: that Thomas Hawkins was Col. John Catlett’s brother-in-law in Virginia, through the Underwood marriage, not a Kentish kinsman.
The single next record: the will of Ralph Hawkins, Alderman, sought in the Archdeaconry or Consistory Court of Canterbury c. 1623–1650, at Canterbury Cathedral Archives. It would name his widow, his daughter Sarah, the Catlett grandsons and very likely his Bawdyn in-laws.
★ Lena’s own line is now open, and it corrects her birthplace. She was born in Fannin County, TEXAS about 1912/13, not Oklahoma — the 1920 census places her in the household of Harve Ellis Pettigrew (1873, Sevier County, Arkansas – 1961, Savoy, Texas) and Ollie Bell Longmire, seventh of seven children in an unbroken sibling set visible across the 1900, 1910 and 1920 censuses. Oklahoma enters only as the county where she and Clyde married: the index carries it as “Lena Pettigrew… Spouse: Clyde Baugham,” Coal County — a misspelling that had hidden the marriage entirely.
The next record, and it is a good one. Lena was fifteen or sixteen at her marriage, and Oklahoma required a parental consent affidavit for a bride under eighteen. That affidavit names the consenting parent — the one document that would state her father’s name in her own contemporaneous record rather than by household inference. LONGMIRE is also a wholly new surname on this tree.
No origin claim is made for the Pettigrew surname, deliberately. The line currently stops at Sevier County, Arkansas, with a Matthew “Mat P.” Pettigrew born in Arkansas about 1836 — so the family arrived in Arkansas Territory in the 1820s or 30s, four or five generations short of either story told about the name. Pettigrew is popularly given a Huguenot French origin by way of Ireland to the Carolinas; there is also a documented Lanarkshire Petykreu in the Ragman’s Roll of 1296, which a refugee from 1685 could not have carried to Scotland. Nothing connects these Arkansas Pettigrews to either. The 1850 Sevier County household, and specifically the older generation’s stated birth states, is what will decide it.
★ The Catlett half-brothers — why this line is provable at all
Sarah Hawkins married twice, and both husbands’ sons crossed to Virginia
m.(1) 1623, Preston, Kent  •  m.(2) 1626, Ashford, Kent
Sarah was a daughter of Ralph Hawkins and Martha Baldwin. Her first husband, John Catlett III, died about two years into the marriage; she went home to her father’s house in Canterbury to bear his posthumous child. That child was Col. John Catlett, the Virginia immigrant. She then married Dr. Lodowick Rowzee, and their son Ralph Rowzee also went to Virginia.
So Ralph Rowzee and Col. John Catlett were half-brothers — and an English court appointed Catlett to administer his half-brothers’ goods. That relationship is what explains everything on the Virginia side: the two men held their land in copartnership, and when Ralph died, Catlett deeded half of it to Ralph’s son.
Documented · Blackwell, Essex Co. Historical Society Bulletin 46 (2006)
Ralph Rowzee — the emigrant
Ralph Rowzee
b. c. 1625×1630, Canterbury, Kent  •  d. before 1663, Sittingbourne Parish, Old Rappahannock County, Virginia
Children: Ralph (our line) and Sarah
📜 The deed that proves the generation. Old Rappahannock County Deed Book 1, Part II, pp. 224–225, dated 1663: “KNOW ALL MEN that I JOHN CATLETT… do grant unto RALPH ROUZEE Son of RALPH ROUZEE deced the one half of Fifteen hundred forty two acres of land (formerly holden in copartnership) between me the sd JOHN CATLETT and RALPH ROUZEE, deced…” — with the remainder, in default of issue, to “SARAH ROUZEE Daughter of the said RALPH ROUZEE deced.” Witnessed by Thomas Hawkins — the mother’s family, standing there in the room.
Documented · Old Rappahannock Co. Deed Bk 1 Pt II, pp. 224–225 (1663)
⚠ A date that does not add up. Compiled sources give his birth as January 6, 1625, but his parents married in September 1626. Even correcting for Old Style dating, the birth still precedes the wedding by eight months. One of the two dates is wrong, and we have not pretended otherwise — he is shown here as b. c. 1625×1630 until an Ashford or Canterbury parish register settles it.
Ralph Rowzee of St. Anne’s Parish
Ralph Rowzee & Rebecca Tomlin
Ralph c. 1660 – May 19, 1719  •  Rebecca c. 1672 – before 1709
Married July 10, 1688  •  St. Anne’s Parish, Essex County, Virginia
His will, dated September 28, 1716 and proved May 19, 1719, names his wife Margatt; sons Ralph, Benjamin, John and Edward; daughters Elizabeth, Margatt, Mary and Martha; and a married daughter, Sarah Fenwick. His estate came to £96.9.1. Rebecca’s own mother confirms the marriage from the other direction: the elder Rebecca Tomlin’s 1709 will leaves cattle to “the four children of my Deceased Daughter Rebecca Rowzee.”
Documented · Essex Co. Wills, Inventories & Settlements No. 3, pp. 93–94 (Dorman) · Rebecca Tomlin’s will, Essex Deed & Will Bk 14 p. 255
The joint from his son John Rowzee (d. 1779) down to Mary Rowzee who married Griffing Boughan rests on dates and the will’s naming of a son John — probable, proof pending an Essex order-book entry
★ The Boughans and the Rowzees knew each other for three generations
Not a chance meeting — a sixty-year acquaintance
Griffing Boughan married Mary Rowzee about 1773. The two families had already been standing in each other’s court records since before either of them was born:
1708/9 — Ralph Rowzee’s bond as guardian of Ralph Smith is made “unto JAMES BOUGHAN of Essex County, Gent., in behalfe of the Court” — James Boughan the Burgess himself.
1719John Boughan witnessed Ralph Rowzee’s will, and personally proved it in open court.
1719 — John Boughan appraised and signed the Rowzee estate inventory, alongside Edward Rowzee.
Documented · Essex Co. Deed & Will Bk 13 p. 185 (1708/9) · Essex Wills No. 3, pp. 93–94 and 99–101 (1719)
Rowzee next steps. The Virginia half of this chain stands on primary abstracts — a 1663 deed, a 1716 will, a 1709 will, a 1708/9 bond. The English half stands on a published historical-society article plus the independently verifiable fact of Dr. Lodowick Rowzee’s licence and his book. The single record that would make the whole thing airtight is the Ashford, Kent parish register — the 1626 marriage and the baptisms of Lodowick Jr., Edward and Ralph. After that, Lodowick’s own will (he died at Ashford in 1655) should name the sons outright.

One thing we are deliberately not claiming. John Boughan’s wife was Susannah North, and the Rowzee wills of the same parish mention a “Sistr: Sarah North” and a “Cozen Elizabeth North.” It is tempting to conclude that Rowzee blood entered the Boughan line twice — once about 1700 through Susannah, and again in 1773 through Mary. That is a hypothesis, not a finding, and it stays off the tree until a record connects Susannah to that family.
↩ back up to where this branched off

⑂ Branch Point — the Micou Line (through Martha Ellen Micou)

Martha Ellen Micou married James Henry Boughan. Her own line is Kari's second colonial immigrant branch — a French Huguenot family, documented in Essex County, Virginia back to Paul Micou, who died there in 1736. The long-standing family story that he was “a fugitive from Nantes” is tradition, not record — see his card below.
Martha's parents (Micou)
John Hancock Micou & Catherine Carter Wood
John Hancock d. 1835  •  Catherine Dec 8, 1800 – Mar 27, 1878
Married Oct 12, 1815 by Rev. Robert B. Semple, the famous Baptist historian — the Richmond Enquirer announced "John H. Micou, Esq., second son of Col. Paul Micou, to the much admired Miss Catharine C. Wood, youngest daughter of the late Carter Wood"  •  Catherine was 14; her stepfather John Jones stood bondsman  •  John Hancock's 1835 will devised the storied "Bathurst" tract on Piscataway Creek  •  Catherine raised ~11 children, outlived him 42 years, buried at Liberty Hall, Essex Co.
⑂ WOOD & GARNETT — Catherine's ancestry opens the Essex Wood cluster (see panel below)
Documented · 1815 marriage bond & Enquirer notice; his will, Essex WB 24
Col. Paul Micou & Mary Lee
Paul c. 1759 – 1822  •  Mary c. 1762 – 1853
John Hancock's parents, of Essex County, Virginia  •  named in his father's 1796 will; styled "Col. Paul Micou" in the 1815 marriage notice  •  Paul's own will (1821, Essex Will Bk 19) names wife Mary and children Susan, John H., Albert, Felicia, Maria  •  Mary's maiden name Lee — the famous Lee family of Virginia, opening the line below
⑂ LEE — Mary Lee's line is a royal-gateway candidate (see panel below)
Documented · 1796 & 1821 wills, Essex Co. deeds
Paul Micou Sr.
d. 1798
St. Anne's Parish, Essex County, Virginia  •  will dated Jul 15, 1796, proved Dec 17, 1798 (Essex Will Bk 15)
Documented · 1796 will
John Micou & Catherine
John d. 1754
Paul Sr.'s parents, of Essex County, Virginia  •  recorded as a son of the immigrant Paul Micou
This immigrant → John step is the softest link in the Micou chain (compiled genealogy)
The Huguenot immigrant (Micou)
Paul Micou — the Huguenot immigrant & Margaret
c. 1658/59 – May 23, 1736
A French Protestant refugee in Essex County, Virginia — buying land there from 1697, justice of the peace 1700–1720, holding some 650 acres on the Rappahannock; buried at Vauter’s Church. His French birthplace and parents are undocumented — the wall on this line.
What the primary record actually says. His tombstone at Port Micou on the Rappahannock reads: “Here lies the body of Paul Micou, who departed this life the 23d of May, 1736, in the seventy-eighth year of his age.” That fixes his birth at about 1658/59. It gives no birthplace, and does not mention France at all.
“A fugitive from Nantes” is family tradition, not a document. This card carried it as fact; it has been demoted. The phrase is R. A. Brock’s own narrative prose from the introduction to his 1886 volume — uncited, and hedged by Brock himself: “after some years of exile, probably in England.” Micou’s name appears in none of the documents Brock prints. Behind Brock stands Bishop Meade, who wrote in 1857 that Micou “fled from Nantes in 1711” — impossible, since Micou was buying Virginia land in 1697 and sitting as a justice from 1700. Meade also calls him “a French surgeon” where Brock says he was “educated for the bar”: two nineteenth-century writers, two unsourced and incompatible claims. The “Dr.” sometimes attached to his name descends from Meade’s guess and is not used here.
A better hypothesis, and it points to Poitou rather than Brittany. The only Micous anywhere in the published records of the Huguenot refuge in England come from one small area 150 km from Nantes. The Threadneedle Street testimonials record “Micou, Jean : natif de Mauzay en Aunix : fils de Jean : 18 ans,” and a Spitalfields baptism names “Judicq Micou, n. de Niort en Poictou.” Niort and Mauzé lie twenty-five kilometres apart — and Paul Micou named a daughter Judith. Note also that no naturalisation or denization act exists for him in England, Ireland or Virginia, so the record class that usually supplies a father’s name is simply empty. The next real step is the R.P.R. registers of Niort and Mauzé-sur-le-Mignon in the Archives départementales des Deux-Sèvres, looking for a baptism c. 1657–59 with a father named Jean.
One caution for anyone searching Nantes: its Protestants were forbidden to worship inside the city and met at Sucé-sur-Erdre, three leagues out. Searching “Nantes parish registers” for this family is searching the wrong book.
↩ back up to where this branched off

⑂ Branch Point — the Lee Line (through Mary Lee)  ·  Royal-Gateway Candidate

Mary Lee, wife of Col. Paul Micou, belonged to the Lee family of Virginia — the family of Stratford Hall. Every link below is anchored in named-heir wills, published Lee scholarship, or state property records. One link remains "probable" (marked); if it holds against the record image, this line runs — completely independently of any other gateway in the project — to Alice Eltonhead, a formally recognized gateway ancestor with a documented descent from King Edward I of England.
Mary and her Lee siblings
Mary Lee Micou
c. 1762 – November 1853 (aged ~91)
Her brother George W. Lee's 1824 will (Essex Will Bk 20, pp. 196–197) names "sister Mary Micou" and her Micou children as his nephews and nieces — and lends her the family's Smithfield lands for life. Her own will: Essex Will Bk 27, pp. 346–347 (proved 1853); on the 1850 census of Essex, aged 88  •  siblings: John P. Lee (clerk of Essex), Baldwin M. Lee, George W. Lee, and a sister who married a Whiting
Documented · 1824, 1814 & 1849 wills, 1850 census
Mary's parents
John Lee & Susannah Smith
John born in Maryland; clerk of Essex County, Virginia 1761–1777
He named his Essex estate "Smithfield" — the very tract his children's wills pass among themselves, tying the sibling group to him; his mother-line is confirmed by son Baldwin's will naming "my Mother Susanna Lee." The clerkship stayed in the family: son Hancock Lee (clerk 1777–1792), then grandson John P. Lee (1792–1814)  •  Susannah was sister of the wife of his cousin John Lee of "Cabin Point" — the cousin he succeeded as clerk
Documented · children's wills + Lee of Virginia (1895), pp. 353–359
John's father — the one link still to clinch
Hon. Philip Lee of Maryland
1681 – 1744
b. Virginia, son of Richard Lee II; moved to Prince George's County, Maryland ~1700; member of the Maryland Council  •  His will dispersed the family's Rehoboth tract to "sons Corbin, John, and George" (Maryland Historical Trust file D-6)  •  Lee of Virginia (1895): "John, eighth son of Philip Lee… born in Maryland, moved to Virginia and settled in Essex county… married Susannah Smith"
Probable — proof pending · published Lee genealogy + MD property records; the will/deed image is the record to pull
Philip's parents
Richard Lee II "the Scholar" & Laetitia Corbin
Richard 1647 – 1715  •  Laetitia c. 1657 – 1706
Of "Machodoc," Westmoreland County, Virginia  •  planter, member of the King's Council and House of Burgesses  •  grandparents of the Stratford Hall line (Thomas Lee) — making this family kin to Richard Henry Lee, "Light-Horse Harry" Lee, and Gen. Robert E. Lee
Documented · standard published history
The gateway couple
Henry Corbin & Alice Eltonhead
Henry 1629 – 1676  •  Alice c. 1627 – after 1684
Henry: merchant-planter of "Buckingham House," Middlesex County, Virginia, of a Warwickshire gentry family  •  Alice: one of the famous five Eltonhead sisters of Eltonhead Hall, Lancashire, who all emigrated to the Chesapeake — her sisters married into the Wormeley, Chicheley, Carter (Corotoman), Fenwick, and Conway families; sister Martha's Conway descendants include President James Madison  •  Alice's parents: Richard Eltonhead, Gent., of Eltonhead (bapt. 1582 – c. 1664/5) & Anne Sutton (bapt. 1590), whose family had held Eltonhead Hall for some 650 years  •  she and her sisters are on the Baronial Order of Magna Charta's recognized gateway-ancestor list, with pedigrees in Douglas Richardson's Plantagenet Ancestry (2nd ed., pp. 9–12) and Royal Ancestry (2013)
👑 Recognized gateway — two published royal descents (below)
Documented · BOMC gateway list; Richardson; Rankin, "The Eltonhead Family" (1955)
The royal descent — verified generation by generation
👑 From King Edward I to Alice Eltonhead — thirteen generations
1. KING EDWARD I "Longshanks" (1239–1307), King of England, m. Eleanor of Castile — and behind them, the whole Plantagenet line to William the Conqueror, and through Eleanor the kings of Castile and France → 2. Elizabeth Plantagenet (1282–1316), the king's daughter, m. Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, Constable of England → 3. William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton, K.G. (c. 1312–1360), m. Elizabeth de Badlesmere → 4. Elizabeth de Bohun (c. 1350–1385), m. Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel (beheaded 1397) → 5. Elizabeth FitzAlan, Duchess of Norfolk (c. 1366–1425), m. Sir Robert Goushill of Hoveringham (d. of wounds at the Battle of Shrewsbury, 1403) → 6. Joan Goushill (c. 1401–c. 1466), m. Sir Thomas Stanley, 1st Baron Stanley, of Lathom, Lancashire — Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, titular King of Mann → 7. Katherine Stanley (c. 1430–1498), m. Sir John Savage of Clifton, Cheshire, K.B. → 8. Dulcia Savage, m. (settlement 1464) Sir Henry Bold of Bold Hall, Lancashire — the chain's one soft link: her mother is inferred, not named in a record (see badge below)9. Maud Bold, m. (settlement 1490) Thomas Gerard, Esq., of Ince, Lancashire → 10. Jennet Gerard (d. 1588), m. Richard Eltonhead of Eltonhead (1502–1558) → 11. William Eltonhead (c. 1554–1601), m. Anne Bowers → 12. Richard Eltonhead, Gent. (1582–c. 1664/5), m. Anne Sutton → 13. ALICE ELTONHEAD → her daughter Laetitia Corbin m. Richard Lee II → Philip Lee → John Lee → Mary Lee → the Micou and Boughan generations down to Kari.
👑 Endorsed by Gary Boyd Roberts (NEHGS), Royal Descents of 900 Immigrants
Generation 8 (Savage → Bold) rests on an inferential identification — accepted by NEHGS scholarship, flagged here honestly
👑 A second royal route. Douglas Richardson also published a separate royal descent for the Eltonhead children through their mother Anne Sutton — from Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou (father of King Henry II), via the Warenne, FitzWilliam, Lungvillers, Neville, Harington, Radcliffe and Stanley of Moor Hall families (Plantagenet Ancestry 2nd ed., pp. 9–12; Royal Ancestry, 2013). So the gateway carries two published royal lines. Standing caveats: this whole royal section remains a candidate for Kari until the Philip Lee → John Lee link is proved, and generation 8 above carries its own flag.

👑 The Royal Ancestry Above Edward I

Once a line reaches Edward I and his queen, it opens into the best-documented pedigrees in Europe. Every person below has their own card, exactly as on the Davis side, and each matches the card on the classic trees. Four ancestries open at once — Edward I's own Plantagenet–Norman line, his mother's Mediterranean line, his queen's Spanish and French lines — and, one generation later, the de Clare inheritance that carries Ireland. These are Kari's ancestors only if the Lee link holds; they are drawn here because the medieval scholarship itself is not in doubt.

👑 Edward I's Line — to William the Conqueror and Rollo

Twelve generations, every one of them a reigning sovereign. This is the best-documented pedigree in Europe.
Tomb of Henry III in Westminster Abbey
monument 1291
👑 Henry III, King of England
b. 1 October 1207 at Winchester Castle  •  d. 16 November 1272 at Westminster  •  a 56-year reign, the longest in medieval England
buried in Westminster Abbey in Edward the Confessor’s own vacated grave; moved to his present tomb in 1291. His heart went to Fontevraud.
son of King John and Isabella of Angoulême  •  m. 14 January 1236 at Canterbury Eleanor of Provence
Crowned at nine, in a civil war, with his mother’s circlet, because the crown was not to hand. That was at Gloucester on 28 October 1216, nine days after his father died. He was crowned properly at Westminster in 1220 and reigned another fifty-two years.
Westminster Abbey as it stands is his building, and it very nearly bankrupted him. Work began 6 July 1245 under the master mason Henry of Reyns, in French High Gothic modelled on Reims, Amiens and the Sainte-Chapelle; the church was consecrated and the Confessor translated to his shrine on 13 October 1269. The bill approached £50,000 — several years of the entire royal revenue on one building. The Cosmati pavement before the high altar, still there, uses close to thirty thousand pieces of coloured stone and glass, with the materials and the Roman craftsmen shipped in for it.
He kept a polar bear on the Thames. Haakon IV of Norway sent him a white bear in 1252; on 30 October 1253 Henry ordered the Sheriffs of London to supply a muzzle, an iron chain and a long rope so it could be taken to the river to swim and fish, and raised its keep to sixpence a day. In 1255 Louis IX sent an elephant — the first seen in England since antiquity.
He was captured at Lewes and spent a year as a figurehead. After 14 May 1264 he was Simon de Montfort’s prisoner in all but name. De Montfort’s parliament of 1265 — summoned in Henry’s name and against his will — called two burgesses from each borough alongside the knights of the shire, and that is the ancestor of the House of Commons. At Evesham in August 1265, dragged onto the field in borrowed armour, he was nearly cut down by his own son’s troops and had to shout out who he was.
He is routinely written off as pious and feeble. That verdict comes largely from Matthew Paris, a hostile and gossipy chronicler; David Carpenter and others present a far more calculating king. Two other tidy claims to resist: Henry did not found Parliament — the 1265 assembly that set the precedent was de Montfort’s, held while Henry was a prisoner — and the abbey is not all his: the nave was finished in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and the west towers are Hawksmoor’s, completed in the 1740s.
John hunting with hounds, from a fourteenth-century manuscript
c. 1300–1320
👑 King John, King of England
b. 24 December 1166 at Beaumont Palace, Oxford  •  d. 19 October 1216 at Newark Castle, of dysentery
buried in Worcester Cathedral at his own request, beside the shrine of St Wulfstan
youngest surviving son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine  •  m. (1) Isabella of Gloucester, annulled 1199; m. (2, 24 August 1200) Isabella of Angoulême
Magna Carta was agreed at Runnymede on 15 June 1215, and the Pope annulled it ten weeks later. Innocent III’s bull of 24 August condemned it as shameful, demeaning, illegal and unjust, on the grounds that the king had been forced into it. Civil war followed inside three months, and by mid-1216 the barons had invited Prince Louis of France over and he held London. Four original 1215 exemplifications survive — two at the British Library, one at Lincoln, one at Salisbury.
He lost an empire in a decade, then bought a pope. By 1204 Philip II had taken Normandy, Anjou, Maine and Touraine; the chronicler nickname Softsword dates from that collapse. England lay under interdict from 1208 and John was excommunicated in 1209. He ended it in 1213 by surrendering the kingdom to Innocent III and receiving it back as a papal fief — which made the pope his overlord and, two years later, his defender against his own barons.
His tomb was opened in 1797. He was about five feet five, barrel-chested, and traces of dark red hair survived.
The crown jewels in the Wash, and the surfeit of peaches, are both shakier than they sound. Chroniclers do record wagons and baggage lost crossing the Wellstream estuary in October 1216; whether the regalia were in the convoy is disputed, and the variant in which John had already pawned them and invented the loss is generally treated as apocryphal. The peaches and new cider are a chronicle anecdote; the recorded illness is dysentery. The lurid personal accusations circulated during the baronial revolts are now read as propaganda, and his part in the Robin Hood stories is entirely literary and post-medieval. On his nephew Arthur of Brittany, who vanished in 1203: most modern historians think John was responsible, and none can say how.
Painted stone tomb effigy of Henry II at Fontevraud Abbey
c. 1200
👑 Henry II, King of England
b. 5 March 1133 at Le Mans  •  d. 6 July 1189 at Chinon
buried at Fontevraud Abbey, Anjou, with Eleanor beside him
son of Geoffrey V of Anjou and Empress Matilda  •  m. 18 May 1152 at Poitiers Eleanor of Aquitaine — eight weeks after her marriage to the King of France was annulled
The first Plantagenet, and the founder of English common law. His lands ran from Northumberland to the Pyrenees. What survived him was not the empire — that was gone within a generation — but the machinery: itinerant justices, the jury of presentment, the writ system. Chroniclers describe him red-haired and freckled, short and stocky with a large head, bow-legged from a life on horseback, habitually scruffy, and so restless he was said never to sit down except to eat or ride.
What he actually said about Becket, from a man who was in the room. Edward Grim, who was wounded in the arm trying to shield the archbishop, records it as: “What miserable drones and traitors have I nourished and promoted in my household, who let their lord be treated with such shameful contempt by a low-born clerk!” Four knights took it as an instruction, and Becket was killed in Canterbury Cathedral on 29 December 1170.
He did public penance for it, barefoot, and was scourged by the monks. On 12 July 1174 he approached Becket’s tomb in a hair shirt and submitted to a whipping. The next day King William the Lion of Scotland was captured at Alnwick; contemporaries read it as the saint’s forgiveness, and the great rebellion collapsed. He kept his own wife in confinement for roughly sixteen years for having backed their sons in it, and died at Chinon of internal bleeding days after being handed the list of the last conspirators against him — with John, the son he had favoured, at the top of it.
“Will no one rid me of this turbulent priest?” is not a medieval sentence. The phrasing first appears in 1740, in Robert Dodsley’s Chronicle of the Kings of England, and was polished by later writers into the line everyone quotes. And “Plantagenet” was not a surname in his lifetime — it was his father’s personal nickname, adopted as a dynastic name only in the fifteenth century.
Tomb effigy of Eleanor of Aquitaine holding an open book
c. 1204–1210
👑 Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of France and of England
b. c. 1122–1124  •  d. 1 April 1204 at Fontevraud, aged about eighty
birthplace unknown — Poitiers, Bordeaux and Nieul-sur-l’Autise have all been proposed; the first document naming her is from July 1129
daughter of William X, Duke of Aquitaine, and Aénor de Châtellerault  •  m. (1, 1137) Louis VII of France, annulled 1152; m. (2, 18 May 1152) Henry of Anjou, soon Henry II
Duchess of Aquitaine in her own right, queen of two countries, mother of two English kings — and she outlasted almost everyone who tried to manage her. She took the cross at Vézelay and went on the Second Crusade as a crusader in her own right; her public quarrel with Louis at Antioch over her uncle Raymond effectively ended that marriage. She remarried eight weeks after the annulment, to a man eleven years younger, without the French king’s permission — carrying Aquitaine out of the French orbit and setting up two centuries of war.
Sixteen years a prisoner, and then straight back to work. Henry confined her from 1173 for backing their sons’ revolt. She was released the moment he died, on Richard’s order, and began governing as regent. She raised the 150,000-mark ransom for Richard herself and travelled to Germany to hand it over and bring him home in 1194.
At seventy-eight she crossed the Pyrenees; at eighty she stood a siege. In the winter of 1199–1200 she went to Castile to choose a granddaughter as bride for the French heir, and picked Blanche over her elder sister. In 1202 she held the castle of Mirebeau against her own grandson Arthur until John relieved her.
Three famous Eleanor stories, none of them evidence. The “Courts of Love” at Poitiers are a literary construction, extrapolated from Andreas Capellanus and elaborated by nineteenth-century writers. That she rode bare-breasted as an Amazon on crusade has no contemporary basis and appears to start with hostile later writers. And she did not murder Rosamund Clifford — Henry’s affair was public knowledge, but Eleanor is nowhere implicated and was in confinement for much of the relevant period.
Manuscript figure identified as Empress Matilda
c. 1188, after her death
👑 Empress Matilda, Lady of the English
b. c. 7 February 1102, in England  •  d. 10 September 1167 at Rouen
buried at Bec; her remains were moved, burned, wrecked and lost repeatedly before final reinterment at Rouen Cathedral in 1846
daughter of Henry I and Matilda of Scotland  •  m. (1, 1114, aged not quite twelve) Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor; m. (2, 17 June 1128) Geoffrey V, Count of Anjou — she was 25, he was 15, and their son became Henry II
The first woman to make a serious, sustained claim to rule England in her own right — and she came within days of a coronation at Westminster in 1141 before the London crowd drove her out. She was styled not regina but domina Anglorum, Lady of the English: real temporal power exercised without an anointing. That February her forces had captured King Stephen at Lincoln; in September her half-brother and chief commander Robert of Gloucester was taken at Winchester, and the war was reset by exchanging one king for one earl.
She was a teenage regent in Italy, and never gave the title up. Betrothed at eight and sent to Germany at eight, she governed for her first husband while still in her teens, and went on signing herself imperatrix for the remaining forty-two years of her life. Her Rouen epitaph is a perfect one-line pedigree: “Great by birth, greater by marriage, greatest in her offspring: here lies Matilda, the daughter, wife, and mother of Henry.”
She brought the Hand of St James back from Germany as personal plunder. Henry I gave it to Reading Abbey in 1133; Frederick Barbarossa later demanded it back and her son Henry II fobbed him off with a magnificent tent, which Frederick then took on campaign in Italy. Radiocarbon dating has since shown the hand is nowhere near old enough to have belonged to an apostle.
The escape from Oxford is genuine twelfth-century testimony — but the version everyone tells is three sources stitched together. Besieged in Oxford Castle in December 1142, she got out and reached Abingdon; that much is agreed. Gesta Stephani has her crossing the frozen river and walking six miles through snow undetected. Henry of Huntingdon adds the white cloak against the snow-glare. The Peterborough Chronicle says she was let down from the tower on ropes. William of Malmesbury calls it “a manifest miracle of God” and admits he could not get the truth from anyone who was there. Two later smears should be discounted outright: that Henry V faked his death and lived as a hermit, which would have invalidated her second marriage, and that Henry II was really Stephen’s son.
Enamel funerary plaque of Geoffrey of Anjou
c. 1151–1160
Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou — the sprig of broom
1113–1151
Anjou
The dynasty's name comes from the sprig of yellow broom — planta genista — he wore in his hat.
Roundel portrait of Henry I from a medieval genealogical roll
c. 1300–1308
👑 Henry I “Beauclerc”, King of England
b. c. 1068, probably in England  •  d. the night of 1/2 December 1135 at Lyons-la-Forêt, Normandy
buried before the high altar of Reading Abbey, his own foundation — the grave has never been found
youngest son of William the Conqueror and Matilda of Flanders  •  m. (1, 11 November 1100) Matilda of Scotland; m. (2, 1121) Adeliza of Louvain, childless
His first marriage is the hinge of English royal descent. Matilda of Scotland — born Edith — came down from Edmund Ironside through St Margaret. Marrying her grafted the old Wessex line onto the Norman one deliberately and in public, and it is the reason a family tree can run from a Texas farmhouse back through Hastings and out the other side into Anglo-Saxon England.
He moved from hunting accident to coronation in three days. His brother William Rufus died by an arrow in the New Forest on 2 August 1100; Henry seized the treasury at Winchester and was crowned on the 5th. The Charter of Liberties he issued that day bound the king to stated limits on his own power, and was the direct template Archbishop Langton’s party reached for in 1215 when drafting Magna Carta.
He built the machinery of English government — and imprisoned his own brother for twenty-eight years. The Exchequer, itinerant justices and the pipe rolls are his. So is Robert Curthose, beaten and captured at Tinchebray in 1106 and held until he died in Cardiff Castle in 1134. Henry acknowledged at least twenty-two illegitimate children, the largest recorded brood of any English king, and married them off systematically across Wales, Scotland, Brittany and Perche.
The White Ship took his heir and his succession with it. On the night of 25 November 1120 she struck a rock off Barfleur with a drunk crew and about three hundred aboard, among them his only legitimate son William Adelin, an illegitimate son and an illegitimate daughter. One man survived, a butcher from Rouen. The court was too frightened to tell the king; when he was told, he collapsed. He made his barons swear to accept his daughter Matilda as heir, and they broke the oath within weeks of his death.
Two things everyone repeats are not supported. That after the White Ship “Henry never smiled again” appears in no contemporary source. And the “surfeit of lampreys” is a later English formulation — Henry of Huntingdon does say he ate too many against his physician’s advice, but historians consider that an improbable cause of death and more often suggest listeriosis. What is documented is grim enough: the body was salted, packed in balm and sewn into ox hides, sat at Caen four weeks waiting on the weather with black fluid leaking through, and the man who extracted the brain is reported to have died of the stench.
William raising his helmet at Hastings, Bayeux Tapestry scene 55
c. 1070s
👑 William the Conqueror, King of England, Duke of Normandy
b. c. 1027–28 at Falaise, Normandy  •  d. 9 September 1087 at Saint-Gervase, outside Rouen
buried at the Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen
son of Robert I, Duke of Normandy, and Herleva of Falaise, who never married  •  m. c. 1051–52 Matilda of Flanders — a match the Pope had forbidden, married anyway, dispensed in 1059 at the price of founding two abbeys at Caen
Hastings, 14 October 1066, and then the most complete replacement of a ruling class in English history. Within twenty years almost no major English landholder remained. The Domesday survey of 1086 measured what was left, and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle describes it with something close to horror: “so very narrowly did he commission them to trace it out, that there was not one single hide, nor a yard of land… not even an ox, nor a cow, nor a swine was there left, that was not set down in his writ.”
His birth was a political wound, and he answered it with mutilation. At the siege of Alençon about 1051 the defenders hung and beat animal hides from the walls to jeer at his mother’s family of tanners. When the town fell he had the hands and feet of the men responsible cut off. The Bastard was a contemporary insult; the Conqueror is the later, tidier replacement.
The Chronicle’s obituary of him is one of the sharpest character sketches in Old English, and it is not flattering. On the forest law: “he set up many laws concerning them such that whoever killed a hart or a hind should be blinded.” And: “He loved the wild deer as if he were their father.” A 1961 examination of the one surviving fragment of his skeleton, a thigh bone, gave a height of about five feet ten — tall for the period.
His funeral collapsed into farce. Orderic Vitalis says his attendants stripped the body and fled; a knight interrupted the service claiming the church stood on his family’s land and had to be paid off; and the bloated corpse was too big for the sarcophagus and burst when forced in. His bones are essentially gone — Huguenots scattered them in 1562 and only the femur was recovered.
Harold’s arrow in the eye is doubted, the tapestry image being genuinely ambiguous, and the story of the boy William hidden overnight in peasants’ cottages during the ducal minority is probably embellishment.
Statue of Robert the Magnificent at Falaise
19th century
Robert I the Magnificent — died on pilgrimage
1000–1035
Normandy
Died at Nicaea on the road home from a barefoot pilgrimage to Jerusalem, leaving Normandy to an illegitimate son of seven or eight.
Richard II of Normandy, the Good
19th century
Richard II the Good, Duke of Normandy
963–1026
Normandy
His sister Emma of Normandy married two successive kings of England — Æthelred the Unready and then Cnut the Great — making Normandy a permanent player in the English succession.
Richard I of Normandy, the Fearless
19th century
Richard I the Fearless — smuggled out in a bundle of hay
933–996
Normandy
Seized as a boy by King Louis IV of France and smuggled out of captivity at Laon hidden in a bundle of hay. He was the first Norman ruler regularly styled dux, duke.
Statue of William Longsword at Rouen
19th century
William Longsword — cut down at a parley
c.893–942
Normandy
Lured to a parley on an island in the Somme at Picquigny and hacked down by the men of Arnulf I of Flanders.
Stone tomb effigy of Rollo in Rouen Cathedral
13th century
⚔ Rollo, first ruler of Normandy
b. c. 835–870 in Scandinavia  •  d. between 928 and 933, probably at or near Rouen
the conventional “c. 860 – c. 930” is a modern compromise, not a recorded fact
parentage unknown with any certainty  •  Poppa of Bayeux is named as his partner by Dudo of Saint-Quentin; a marriage to Gisela of France is almost certainly fictitious
The Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, 911 — a Viking army turned into a frontier garrison. After his defeat at Chartres he was granted land “between the river Epte and the sea” in return for homage to Charles the Simple, baptism, an end to raiding, and a duty to defend the Seine against other Vikings. He was baptised about 912, taking the name Robert after his godfather. The Normandy of the treaty was much smaller than the later duchy: the Bessin was added in 924, the Cotentin and Avranchin in 933.
Two documents, and that is nearly all of it. The earliest genuinely contemporary trace of Rollo is a charter of Charles the Simple of 918 referring to land granted to “the Normans of the Seine, namely to Rollo and his companions.” The tenth-century annalist Flodoard also mentions him. Everything else — every scene anyone can name — comes from later writers.
The foot-kissing story is dynastic panegyric, and it comes from one man. Dudo of Saint-Quentin, writing about 996–1015 for Rollo’s own descendants, has him refuse to kneel — “no man’s foot will I kiss” — and delegate the homage to a warrior who lifts the king’s foot to his mouth while standing upright and tips Charles onto his back. No other source corroborates it. Dudo is also the sole source for Poppa’s abduction, the Gisela marriage and the Danish origin. Whether Rollo was Danish or Norwegian cannot be settled: Dudo says Danish; Snorri Sturluson, three centuries later, identifies him with Hrólfr son of Jarl Rognvald of Møre, which is where Ganger-Hrólfr, Hrólfr the Walker — too heavy for any horse — comes from.

👑 The Wessex and Scottish Kings — through Matilda of Scotland

Henry I's queen carried both the Anglo-Saxon royal house and the kings of Scots into the line.
Matilda of Scotland
13th century
👑 Matilda of Scotland
c.1080–1118
Scotland → England
Raised behind convent walls at Romsey and Wilton, her marriage was nearly blocked because she had been made to wear a nun's veil. Norman courtiers mocked the Anglo-Saxon-blooded royal couple as “Godric and Godgifu.”
Malcolm III and Queen Margaret in the Forman Armorial, 1562
1562
👑 Máel Coluim mac Donnchada — Malcolm III “Canmore”
b. early 1030s  •  killed 13 November 1093 at Alnwick, Northumberland  •  reigned 1058–1093
buried at Tynemouth Priory; his remains were later moved to Dunfermline
son of Duncan I; his mother is unrecorded  •  m. (1) Ingibiorg Finnsdóttir of Orkney; m. (2, by the end of 1070, at Dunfermline) Margaret of Wessex — eight children by her, three of whom ruled Scotland in turn, and one of whom, Edith/Matilda, became queen of England as wife of Henry I
He killed Macbeth, and the play stops a year and a half too early. The broad shape of Macbeth is real — Malcolm did have English backing, and Siward of Northumbria really did invade in 1054. But Macbeth was not killed at Dunsinane: he fell at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire on 15 August 1057. His stepson Lulach then reigned several months until Malcolm killed him at Essie in March 1058, and Malcolm was crowned at Scone on 25 April 1058.
He invaded northern England five times — 1061, 1070, 1079, 1091 and 1093 — persistent raiding rather than a war of conquest. In 1072 William the Conqueror marched to the Tay and Malcolm submitted at Abernethy, handing over his son Duncan as a hostage. His last raid followed a humiliation: summoned to Gloucester in 1093, William Rufus refused to see him. He was ambushed at Alnwick weeks later by the men of Robert de Mowbray, and his eldest son Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight.
He could not read, and had his wife’s books set in gold for her. Turgot’s life of Margaret says he would take her books, kiss them, and have them ornamented with gold and gems — the origin of the durable image of a rough Gaelic warrior married to a bookish, pious Englishwoman. He also acted as her interpreter at her reforming church council, since she spoke no Gaelic.
“Canmore” may not even be his. Gaelic Ceann Mór is literally “big head” but almost certainly meant “great chief.” The problem is that no contemporary source calls Malcolm III by it. The byname is securely attested for his great-grandson Malcolm IV, in the contemporary notice of that king’s death in 1165, and historians argue it was pushed backwards onto Malcolm III by fourteenth-century chroniclers — a label applied at least 250 years late, and possibly borrowed from someone else. The “Canmore dynasty” is a modern historians’ coinage, and the memorial cross at Alnwick marking where he fell is an antiquarian monument.
Stained-glass window of St Margaret, Edinburgh Castle
1922
👑 ✚ St Margaret of Scotland
b. c. 1045 in Hungary, in exile  •  d. 16 November 1093 in Edinburgh Castle
buried before the high altar at Dunfermline Abbey  •  canonised 1250 by Innocent IV; her relics were translated to a new shrine on 19 June that year
daughter of Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside, and of Agatha, whose own parentage is genuinely unresolved  •  m. by the end of 1070 Malcolm III
She is the join. Three of her sons became kings of Scots — Edgar, Alexander I and David I — and her daughter Edith, who reigned as Matilda, married Henry I of England. That marriage put the Anglo-Saxon royal line back into the English monarchy after the Conquest, and it is the reason the Wessex kings above her on this chart are ancestors of everyone below her on it.
Queensferry is named for her ferry. She established a free crossing of the Firth of Forth for pilgrims going to Dunfermline and St Andrews, and the landings on both shores still carry her name — North Queensferry and South Queensferry. A small illuminated gospel-book associated with her survives in the Bodleian, and Turgot tells a story of a book of hers dropped in a river and recovered undamaged, which may be that very volume.
She died three days after her husband and her eldest son. Malcolm and Edward were killed at Alnwick on 13 November 1093. She was already gravely ill at Edinburgh Castle; when her son Edgar brought her the news she died, on 16 November. Tradition adds that her body was carried out of the castle under cover of mist while her brother-in-law Donald III besieged it.
Her biography was written by her confessor, for her daughter, with an agenda. Turgot of Durham wrote the Vita S. Margaretae between about 1100 and 1107 at the request of Queen Matilda. It is hagiography carrying a Durham reform programme, and its picture of a barbarous, quasi-heretical Scottish church rescued by a civilising English queen is polemic — modern historians argue the Scottish church was far less deviant and her changes narrower than the Vita implies. The claim that she “destroyed the Celtic church” or anglicised Scotland is overstated; the real institutional change came under her son David I. Her birthplace, her birth year and her mother’s parentage are all reconstructions.
Edward the Exile on a medieval genealogical scroll
medieval manuscript
Edward the Exile — raised in Kiev and Hungary
c.1016–1057
England
Sent as a baby to Sweden by Cnut, reputedly with orders that he be murdered, he instead grew up in Kiev and Hungary. Recalled to England in 1057 as heir to Edward the Confessor, he died within days of landing without ever meeting the king.
Roundel portrait of Edmund Ironside from a medieval genealogical roll
c. 1300–1308
👑 Edmund II “Ironside”, King of England
b. c. 990–993  •  d. 30 November 1016  •  reigned 222 days
buried at Glastonbury Abbey near his grandfather Edgar; the grave was lost when the abbey came down in the 1530s
son of Æthelred II, almost certainly by Ælfgifu of York; raised largely by his grandmother Ælfthryth  •  m. (summer 1015) Ealdgyth, widow of Sigeferth
Every English monarch since Henry II descends from him, which is why a 222-day reign matters so much on a chart like this one. His son Edward the Exile, born after his death, was shipped to Hungary, returned in 1057, and fathered St Margaret of Scotland — whose daughter Matilda married Henry I. That marriage is the graft that put the old Wessex line back into the Norman one, and it runs straight down this page.
Five pitched battles in about seven months. Penselwood, Sherston, London, Brentford, Otford, Assandun. He fought Cnut to a standstill and forced a partition rather than a surrender.
He married in open rebellion against his own father. Æthelred had had Sigeferth killed and his widow Ealdgyth confined at Malmesbury. Edmund took her, married her anyway, seized Sigeferth’s Five Boroughs estates and raised the Danelaw — while the Danes were invading.
He lost at Assandun to a defection, and lost England to a clause. On 18 October 1016 Eadric Streona pulled his Mercian contingent out mid-battle. The peace at Alney gave Edmund Wessex and Cnut everything north of the Thames, with a survivorship clause: whoever outlived the other took the lot. Edmund died six weeks later.
The murder stories are late and lurid. Adam of Bremen, in the 1070s, says poison; twelfth-century writers elaborate it into his being stabbed or shot from below while sitting on a privy, sometimes at Eadric’s order. No contemporary source suggests murder at all, and historians think exhaustion or wounds from a brutal year the likelier answer. The single combat with Cnut on an island in the Severn is likewise a later embellishment.
Æthelred II enthroned, from the Abingdon Chronicle
c. 1220
👑 Æthelred II “the Unready”, King of England
b. c. 966–968  •  d. 23 April 1016, London  •  a 38-year reign
buried in Old St Paul’s; the tomb burned in the Great Fire of 1666
son of Edgar and Ælfthryth  •  m. (1, c. 985) Ælfgifu of York, mother of Edmund Ironside; m. (2, 1002) Emma of Normandy — the marriage that put a Norman claim into the English succession
His nickname is a pun, and it does not mean unprepared. Old English unræd is “ill-counsel” or “bad plan,” set against his own name æthel-ræd, “noble counsel” — so it reads as Noble-counsel the No-counsel. It is not contemporary either; it is unrecorded before the early thirteenth century. “Unready” is a mistranslation that arrived when the noun rede died out of English and the word was reanalysed as an adjective.
The Danegeld is documented almost like an invoice. 10,000 pounds in 991; 16,000 in 994; 24,000 in 1002; 36,000 in 1007; 48,000 in 1011. He also left ten to twelve surviving law codes — more than any English king before Edward I — several drafted by Archbishop Wulfstan of York.
The St Brice’s Day massacre, in his own words, and then in the ground. On 13 November 1002 he ordered the killing of Danes in England. A charter of 1004 re-founding St Frideswide’s, Oxford justifies it in the first person: the Danes had “sprung up in this island, sprouting like cockle amongst the wheat,” and those who fled into the church “broke by force the doors and bolts” and burned when the townspeople fired the building. In 2008 excavators at St John’s College, Oxford found 37 mostly young male skeletons, isotopically and genetically Scandinavian, killed while fleeing and without defensive wounds.
He is the only English king ever recalled from exile by negotiation. Swein Forkbeard conquered England in December 1013 and Æthelred fled to Normandy. In 1014 the magnates sent for him with terms: no lord was dearer to them than their natural lord, if he would govern them more justly than he did before.
The famous anecdotes are all William of Malmesbury, writing a century later. That he fouled the font at his baptism and Dunstan cursed him for it; that his mother beat him with candlesticks and left him with a lifelong dread of candles; that Swein’s sister Gunnhild died in the massacre — the last is treated as invention, not least because her supposed husband had left England before 1002. Modern scholarship also stresses that the Chronicle’s account of this reign was written up after 1016, with the ending already known. Its story of unrelieved incompetence is hindsight, not a running record.
King Edgar offering the New Minster Charter to Christ, 966
966
👑 Edgar the Peaceful, King of England
b. c. 943/944  •  d. 8 July 975, aged about 31
buried at Glastonbury Abbey, Somerset
son of Edmund I and Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury, herself later venerated as a saint  •  m. Æthelflæd Eneda; Wulfthryth of Wilton; and (964) Ælfthryth, mother of Æthelred II
The coronation service used for Charles III in 2023 descends from his. He was not crowned until 11 May 973 at Bath, Whit Sunday, fourteen years into his reign and at about thirty — the canonical minimum age for priestly consecration. The ordo used that day, associated with Dunstan, is the direct ancestor of the modern English rite.
He also reformed the coinage, and that reform outlived him by more than 150 years. From about 973 a uniform design ran across some forty mints at roughly 96% silver, with periodic recoinage — the machinery that let later kings raise Danegeld by the tens of thousands of pounds. His queen Ælfthryth was the first consort crowned and anointed queen of England, a deliberate elevation of her sons’ claims.
His death at thirty-one detonated everything he had built. A disputed succession between Edward and Æthelred, a violent anti-monastic reaction against the reform he had sponsored, and Edward’s murder at Corfe in 978 — all inside three years.
Almost everything colourful about Edgar is twelfth-century embroidery. The eight subject kings rowing him on the Dee while he steered is not in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, which says only that at Chester six kings “promised to be his allies”; the rowing comes from writers some 150 years later. John of Worcester’s 3,600 ships is plain exaggeration. The tale that Edgar had Ælfthryth’s first husband killed on a hunt so he could marry her is a later chronicler’s story, and the dates sit badly with it — Æthelwold died in 962 and the marriage was in 964. What is recorded is that Edgar carried Wulfthryth off from Wilton Abbey, and that Dunstan made him go seven years without wearing his crown for it.
Edmund I in the Genealogical Chronicle of the English Kings
late 13th century
👑 Edmund I — stabbed at a feast aged 25
921–946
England
Stabbed to death at a feast at Pucklechurch aged about twenty-five, wrestling with an outlawed thief named Leofa who had walked into his hall.
Silver penny of Edward the Elder
struck 899–924
👑 Edward the Elder, King of the Anglo-Saxons
b. mid-870s  •  d. 17 July 924 at Farndon, Cheshire
buried at the New Minster, Winchester; moved to Hyde Abbey in 1110
son of Alfred the Great and Ealhswith  •  m. (1) Ecgwynn; (2) Ælfflæd; (3) Eadgifu — some fourteen children, three of whom became king
He and his sister took the Danelaw back, fortress by fortress. From 911 he and Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians ran a coordinated campaign of burh-building — Hertford, Witham, Towcester — squeezing the Danish armies out piece by piece. In 917 alone English forces stormed Tempsford and killed the last Danish king of East Anglia while Æthelflæd took Derby. He roughly doubled the territory under West Saxon rule and made his son Æthelstan’s kingship of all England possible.
A hard measure of what he absorbed: the mints. Working mints went from fewer than 25 early in the reign to more than 67 by its end. His coins read EADVVEARD REX, with the moneyer named on the reverse — a working bureaucracy stamped in silver.
He removed his own niece from power. When Æthelflæd died in June 918 her daughter Ælfwynn briefly succeeded her in Mercia. That December Ælfwynn was “deprived of all authority in Mercia and taken into Wessex,” and disappears from the record entirely. Nick Higham calls Edward “perhaps the most neglected of English kings”; there was no scholarly monograph on his reign before 1999.
“The Elder” had nothing to do with age. The byname is not contemporary — it first appears at the end of the tenth century, purely to distinguish him from Edward the Martyr. And the Chronicle’s claim that in 920 the kings of the Scots, Strathclyde and Northumbria “chose him as father and lord” is now widely read as West Saxon propaganda rather than an act of homage.
Silver penny of Alfred the Great, obverse portrait bust
struck c. 875–880
👑 Alfred the Great, King of the Anglo-Saxons
b. c. 849, Wantage, Berkshire  •  d. 26 October 899, aged about 50
place of death unrecorded, most likely Winchester  •  the grave has since been lost twice
son of Æthelwulf and Osburh  •  m. 868 Ealhswith, daughter of the Mercian nobleman Æthelred Mucel and of a mother from the Mercian royal house — a match that bound Wessex to Mercia against the Danes
The only Anglo-Saxon king to face the Great Heathen Army and survive it. A surprise midwinter attack on Chippenham in January 878 drove him into the Somerset marshes with a handful of men. He rallied the fyrd at Egbert’s Stone in early May, beat Guthrum at Edington, then besieged the survivors at Chippenham and starved them out. Guthrum was baptised at Aller with Alfred standing as godfather and taking the name Æthelstan — a peace treaty enacted as a christening. After taking London in 886 he restyled himself King of the Anglo-Saxons, which is the first version of the idea of England.
He was ill for his entire adult life. Asser, who knew him, describes symptoms modern physicians have read as Crohn’s disease or severe haemorrhoids, and says the pain first struck at his own wedding feast in 868. He ran a kingdom, a law code and a translation programme through it. His domboc runs to exactly 120 chapters — the age at which Moses died, and a number that in itself meant law.
The Alfred Jewel is almost certainly his. Ploughed up in Somerset in 1693, it is inscribed AELFRED MEC HEHT GEWYRCAN — “Alfred ordered me to be made” — and is thought to be an æstel, one of the reading-pointers he sent out with copies of Gregory’s Pastoral Care, each valued at 50 mancuses. Not everything he tried worked: the warships he designed in 896, roughly sixty oars and “twice the size” of Viking ships, handled badly in rivers, and the Chronicle says so.
The burnt cakes are legend, and “the Great” is not his. Asser says nothing of the cakes; the story first appears in a life of St Neot a century or more later. The epithet appears no earlier than the thirteenth century and was popularised from the sixteenth by writers building a national founder-figure — he is the only native-born English monarch to carry it. Also untrue: that Pope Leo IV anointed him future king at four (a Victorian misreading of a consulship), and that he founded the Royal Navy, trial by jury or Oxford University.
He may have been found again in 2014. His body was moved to the New Minster in 904 and Hyde Abbey in 1110, and in 1788 convicts digging prison foundations broke up the coffins and sold the lead. A pelvis fragment excavated at Hyde in the 1990s, sitting unregarded in a Winchester museum box, was radiocarbon-dated in January 2014 to AD 895–1017: an adult male, from the ground before the high altar. It is either Alfred or his son Edward the Elder, and there is no way to tell which.
Roundel portrait of Æthelwulf from a medieval genealogical roll
c. 1300–1308
👑 Æthelwulf, King of Wessex
b. c. 795–805  •  d. 13 January 858
buried first at Steyning, Sussex, later moved to Winchester — probably by his son Alfred
son of Ecgberht  •  m. (1) Osburh, mother of all six known children; m. (2, 1 October 856) Judith of Flanders, daughter of Charles the Bald
He won the largest victory over the Vikings of his generation. Of Aclea in 851 the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle says the West Saxons made “the greatest slaughter of a heathen host that we have heard tell of up to the present day.” Four of his sons became king; the youngest was Alfred.
In 855 he left for Rome for a year and came home to find his son would not give the kingdom back. He had appointed Æthelbald over Wessex and Æthelberht over Kent before going; on his return in 856 Æthelbald refused to stand down. Rather than fight his own son he split the realm and took the lesser, eastern half himself. He had given lavishly at Rome, endowing 300 mancuses a year to keep lamps burning at St Peter’s and St Paul’s.
His second wife was crowned queen, which in Wessex was very nearly a scandal. Judith, about twelve or thirteen, was anointed by Archbishop Hincmar of Reims. West Saxon custom held that a king’s wife was styled merely “king’s wife,” was not called queen and might not sit beside him — a custom Asser traces to Eadburh, who in 802 tried to poison a rival and killed her husband the king by mistake. After Æthelwulf died Judith married her own stepson Æthelbald, and after that ended she eloped with the Count of Flanders and founded that comital line.
The picture of a feeble, over-pious king sightseeing in Rome while Vikings burned his kingdom is a twentieth-century verdict, not the sources’. Recent scholarship has reversed it; Janet Nelson calls him “one of the great underrated among Anglo-Saxons.” His will does not survive, so what it said about the succession is reconstructed from Alfred’s later account and is disputed.
Roundel portrait of Ecgberht from a medieval genealogical roll
c. 1300–1308
👑 Ecgberht, King of Wessex
birth unrecorded – 839  •  reigned 37 years, from 802
Wessex  •  buried at Winchester
son of Ealhmund, King of Kent; mother unrecorded. Father of Æthelwulf.
The documented floor of this tree’s English descent, and the ancestor of every English monarch since. At Ellandun in 825, near Wroughton in Wiltshire, he broke the Mercian supremacy that had run southern England for a century. He did not then occupy Mercia; he sent his son Æthelwulf into Kent, who drove out its king, and Kent, Surrey, Sussex and Essex all went over to Wessex in one season.
He learned his statecraft in exile at Charlemagne’s court. Pushed out of Wessex around 789 when a rival married Offa of Mercia’s daughter, he spent years in Francia — the Chronicle says three, and some historians read that as a scribal slip for thirteen. Fighting resumed on the literal day of his accession in 802, when the Hwicce invaded and both commanders died at Kempsford.
The deal that made the dynasty stick was not a battle. At a council at Kingston upon Thames in 838 he and Æthelwulf granted land to Winchester and Canterbury, buying the church’s backing for a father-to-son succession. Everything below him on this chart rests on that arrangement holding.
He is often called the first king of all England. He was not. His hold on Mercia lasted about a year — he issued London coins as its king in 829 and Wiglaf was back by 830 — and the Northumbrian “submission” at Dore was a negotiated recognition, not a conquest. He died ruling Wessex, Kent and the southeast. A wife “Redburga,” supposedly a relative of Charlemagne, circulates widely in online trees; she comes from a fifteenth-century chronicle and historians reject her outright. She should not be entered on any pedigree.
Benjamin Robert Haydon, The Murder of Duncan
early 19th century
👑 Donnchad mac Crínáin — Duncan I, King of Scots
b. c. 1001, inferred; probably in Atholl  •  killed 14 August 1040 at Pitgaveny near Elgin, aged about 38  •  reigned six years
buried at Elgin, later moved to Iona
son of Crínán, lay abbot of Dunkeld, and Bethóc, daughter of Malcolm II — his kingship came through his mother. A wife named Suthen appears in a late source; the name and her supposed kinship to Siward of Northumbria are both insecure.
Shakespeare’s murdered king, and almost nothing about the play is true of him. Shakespeare’s Duncan is a venerable, saintly old man stabbed in his bed while a guest under Macbeth’s roof. The real Duncan was in his thirties, had reigned six years, and died fighting on campaign inside Macbeth’s own territory of Moray — he was the aggressor, not the victim of hospitality. Macbeth was no usurper without a claim: he was mormaer of Moray with a real dynastic right, his wife Gruoch had one too, and the Irish annals call him Duncan’s dux. He then reigned seventeen years, secure enough to leave Scotland on pilgrimage to Rome in 1050, where he is said to have scattered money to the poor.
Where the play’s version came from. Shakespeare’s source was Holinshed’s Chronicles, which drew on Hector Boece’s largely fictional Historia of 1527. The detail of a king murdered in his bed by a trusted host is lifted from a different Holinshed episode — the killing of King Duff by Donwald — and grafted onto Duncan. Shakespeare was also writing for James VI and I, who claimed descent from Banquo; Banquo and Fleance are Boece’s inventions with no historical existence at all, and Macduff is fictional.
His actual record was poor and short. A failed invasion of Northumbria and an unsuccessful siege of Durham around 1039, then defeat and death in Moray the next year. What he did do was carry the crown through the female line from his grandfather, and both his sons — Malcolm III and Donald III — eventually reigned. The dynasty resumed through him.
No picture is shown for Duncan because none exists that is honestly of him. The English Wikipedia article carries no depiction at all. What is on offer instead are nineteenth-century paintings of the murder scene from the play, and putting one of those at the top of his card would be illustrating Shakespeare and captioning it as history.
Invented portrait of Malcolm II, Holyroodhouse series
1684–1686
👑 Máel Coluim mac Cináeda — Malcolm II, King of Alba
birth unrecorded, usually placed c. 954–980  •  d. 25 November 1034  •  reigned 1005–1034
traditionally died at Glamis; buried on Iona
son of Kenneth II; mother unrecorded. No wife is named in any source. His daughter Bethóc married Crínán, lay abbot of Dunkeld — and that marriage is the one this tree descends through.
He took the throne by killing his predecessor and spent thirty years pushing south. Kenneth III fell at Monzievaird in 1005. In 1006 Malcolm besieged Durham and was routed by Uhtred of Bamburgh; Symeon of Durham says the heads of the Scottish dead were washed, combed and mounted on stakes around the city walls. At Carham on the Tweed, fighting alongside Owain the Bald of Strathclyde, he destroyed a Northumbrian army — Symeon reports “a countless multitude of Scots,” eighteen priests dead, and the bishop of Durham dying of grief at the news.
He rewired the succession, and that is why this line exists. By outliving and outkilling his rivals he ended the direct male line of the house of Alpín and funnelled the crown to his own grandson Duncan, through his daughter Bethóc. Duncan is described as the first securely known tánaise ríg, designated heir, in Scotland — a deliberate break with collateral succession. In 1031 Malcolm submitted to Cnut, who came north with an army; his southern gains were not conceded quietly.
Carham did not “fix the border at the Tweed.” That is a nineteenth-century Scottish historiographical construction. No primary source links the battle to the acquisition of Lothian, the Scottish takeover is not clearly visible until the twelfth century, and it was still incomplete in the 1070s. Even the battle’s date is argued — 1018 is now generally preferred over 1016. Also late or legendary: Fordun’s story of Malcolm beating Norwegians straight after his coronation, and the accounts of his being killed by bandits at Glamis, since Marianus Scotus reports a natural death. His supposed daughter Donada, which would make him Macbeth’s grandfather, is presumption rather than record.
The Moot Hill at Scone
photograph modern
👑 Kenneth II
d. 995
Scotland
Killed by treachery, traditionally in a booby-trapped statue set by Finnguala of Angus.
Malcolm I
1680s
👑 Malcolm I
d. 954
Scotland
Raided into Moray and Northumbria; killed by the men of Moray.
Donald II
late 17th or early 18th century
👑 Donald II — first called King of Alba
d. 900
Scotland
The first ruler the chronicles call rí Alban — King of Alba — rather than King of the Picts.
Causantín mac Cináeda in the Poppleton Manuscript
14th century
👑 Constantine I
d. 877
Scotland
Killed by Viking invaders, reputedly at Inverdovat in Fife.
Invented portrait of Kenneth MacAlpin by Jacob de Wet II
1684–1686
👑 Cináed mac Ailpín — Kenneth MacAlpin, King of the Picts
b. c. 800–810, unrecorded  •  d. 8 February 858 at Forteviot, Perthshire
buried on Iona  •  king of Dál Riata from c. 841, king of the Picts 843–858
son of Alpín mac Echdach, himself so thinly attested that historians doubt he ever reigned; mother unrecorded. Children: Causantín, Áed, Máel Muire and at least one other daughter. No source names a wife.
What the contemporary record actually says. His obit in the Annals of Ulster for 858 styles him simply rex Pictorum — king of the Picts. Not king of Scots, not king of Alba. That title, rí Alban, does not appear until Donald II, more than forty years later. He is credited with moving relics of St Columba from Iona to a new church at Dunkeld around 848–49, shifting the religious centre of gravity east and away from Viking raiding, and he invaded Northumbrian Lothian six times, burning Dunbar and Melrose.
The best-documented fact about his family concerns his daughter. Máel Muire married two successive high-kings of Ireland in turn — Áed Findliath and Flann Sinna — and the Irish annals record her death in 913. He himself was succeeded not by a son but by his brother Donald, which is collateral succession, not primogeniture, and is how these kingdoms actually worked.
Nearly the whole popular story of Kenneth MacAlpin is later construction, and it is worth being blunt about it on a page like this. No source describes a conquest of the Picts; modern scholarship treats the Pictish–Gaelic merger as a gradual process across generations, with the kingdom of Alba emerging around 900 rather than in 843. “MacAlpin’s Treason” — the banquet at Scone where Pictish nobles fell into pits under collapsing benches — is first told by Gerald of Wales about 1216, some 350 years later, and is a wandering folk-motif. He did not inherit Pictland through his mother under “Pictish matrilineal succession”: that theory of Pictish kingship is now largely rejected. He did not bring the Stone of Scone from Dál Riata. And no law attributed to him survives. Even “MacAlpin” is not a surname — it is a patronymic, son of Alpín.

👑 Castile, León and Navarre — through Eleanor of Castile

Edward I's queen brought the Spanish royal houses — and, through her own great-grandmother, a second descent from Henry II of England.
Museum cast of the gilt-bronze tomb effigy of Eleanor of Castile
original effigy 1291; this cast 19th century
👑 Eleanor of Castile, Queen of England
b. 1241 at Burgos, Castile  •  d. 28 November 1290 at Harby, Nottinghamshire, aged about 49
her body was divided in three: viscera at Lincoln Cathedral, heart at Blackfriars in London beside her son Alphonso, body at Westminster Abbey
daughter of Ferdinand III of Castile and Joan, Countess of Ponthieu  •  m. 1 November 1254 at Las Huelgas, Burgos, Edward I — she bore between fourteen and seventeen children over some thirty years, and six lived to grow up
The Eleanor Crosses are hers, and they are the most famous grief in English architecture. Twelve were built between 1291 and about 1295, one at each place the funeral cortège rested overnight on the road from Lincolnshire to Westminster: Lincoln, Grantham, Stamford, Geddington, Hardingstone, Stony Stratford, Woburn, Dunstable, St Albans, Waltham Cross, Cheapside and Charing. Three survive more or less intact — Geddington, Hardingstone and Waltham Cross. The Charing Cross was the grandest, built by Richard of Crundale for over £700; Parliament ordered it down in 1643 and it came down in 1647.
Her birth year is inferred rather than recorded. It rests on a thirteen-month separation between her parents. Her tomb effigy at Westminster was cast by the goldsmith William Torel in 1291, behind a wrought-iron grille by Thomas of Leighton Buzzard.
Two stories about her that will not die. That she sucked the poison from Edward’s wound after the 1272 assassination attempt at Acre was invented by William Camden in 1586 and has been discredited for a long time. And Charing Cross is not “chère reine” — the name Charing predates her death and probably comes from Old English ċerring, a bend, for the curve of the Thames. The monument outside the station is an 1865 replica by E. M. Barry, built as railway-hotel publicity, several hundred yards from where the real one stood.
Manuscript portrait of Ferdinand III in the Tumbo A of Santiago de Compostela
13th century
👑 ✚ Ferdinand III, King of Castile and León — St Ferdinand
b. at the monastery of Valparaíso, Zamora; the year is unsettled, with recent scholarship favouring summer 1201  •  d. 30 May 1252
buried in Seville Cathedral by his son Alfonso X; his remains lie in a silver urn made 1690–1719, opened for veneration each 30 May
son of Alfonso IX of León and Berengaria of Castile  •  m. (1, 1219) Elisabeth of Swabia, nine children including Alfonso X; m. (2, before 1237) Joan, Countess of Ponthieu — whose daughter Eleanor of Castile married Edward I
He united Castile and León permanently and took Córdoba and Seville. Córdoba fell in 1236; Seville, the greatest city of al-Andalus, on 22 December 1248 after a long siege. He is one of very few kings ever canonised — and the gap is extraordinary: canonised in 1671, four hundred and nineteen years after his death.
He sent the bells of Santiago home. When Córdoba fell he had the bells of Santiago de Compostela recovered from the Great Mosque, where they had hung as lamps since Almanzor’s raid of 997. Lucas de Tuy records that they went back north on the shoulders of Saracens.
A quiet point of order for this pedigree. His parents’ marriage was annulled by Innocent III in 1204 for consanguinity — but the children’s legitimacy was expressly preserved. Without that clause his claim, and Eleanor of Castile’s descent into the English royal line, both collapse.
The incorrupt body is a claim of the cult, not a finding. It belongs to devotional tradition and has never been scientifically established. He also asked for a simple burial with no recumbent statue; his son ignored him and built the silver-clad tomb that stands, so the monument does not represent his own wishes.
Alfonso IX in the Tumbo A of Santiago de Compostela
12th–13th century
👑 Alfonso IX of León — Europe's oldest parliament, 1188
1171–1230
León
His 1188 Cortes of León seated townsmen alongside nobles and clergy — UNESCO recognises it as the oldest documented parliamentary body in Europe. He also founded the University of Salamanca.
Berengaria of Castile in the Toxos Outos cartulary
13th century
👑 Berengaria of Castile — queen regnant
c.1180–1246
Castile
On her brother's freak death in 1217 she claimed Castile and within days transferred it to her son Ferdinand — then kept governing anyway. Her Treaty of Las Terceras welded León to Castile.
Alfonso VIII and Queen Leonor granting Uclés, from the Tumbo Menor de Castilla
13th century
👑 Alfonso VIII of Castile
b. 11 November 1155 at Soria  •  d. 5 October 1214 at Gutierre-Muñoz, Ávila
buried at the abbey of Santa María la Real de Las Huelgas, Burgos, which he founded
son of Sancho III of Castile and Blanche of Navarre  •  m. 1170 at Burgos Eleanor of England — Leonor Plantagenet, daughter of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine, about nine years old at the wedding. Eleven children. She died 26 days after him, having governed in the interval.
Las Navas de Tolosa, 16 July 1212 — the battle that broke Almohad power in Spain. He fought it in coalition with Sancho VII of Navarre, Peter II of Aragon and French crusaders. The caliph Muhammad al-Nasir was routed and his tent and standard were sent to Pope Innocent III. It was revenge seventeen years in the making: he had been routed at Alarcos in 1195, and the frontier had sat frozen near Toledo ever since.
King at three, and his minority was a civil war. He succeeded in 1158 aged three; the Castro and Lara families fought over him for a decade. With Eleanor he founded Las Huelgas in 1187 as a Cistercian house and, by charter of 1199, the royal burial church — and the tapestry taken from al-Nasir’s tent at Las Navas is still in its museum. It is also where his great-granddaughter Eleanor of Castile married Edward I in 1254. He founded the studium generale at Palencia, traditionally dated 1208 and reckoned the first university in Spain; it did not long outlive him.
Rahel “la Fermosa,” the Jewess of Toledo, is legend. The romance has no contemporary evidence at all — it surfaces in Alfonso X’s chronicle tradition decades later and then breeds four centuries of literature. Two details of Las Navas are also folklore: that al-Nasir’s bodyguard were chained together (probably a mistranslation of a word for close-packed formation), and the shepherd Martín Alhaja guiding the army through the Despeñaperros Pass. The chronicles’ hundred thousand Muslim dead are grossly inflated, and the two thousand Christian dead are probably understated.
Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile
later
👑 Eleanor of England — daughter of Henry II
c.1161–1214
England → Castile
Married at nine to secure Aquitaine's Pyrenean flank. A Catalan troubadour described her in a red silk mantle embroidered with the Angevin lions. She founded Las Huelgas abbey and outlived her husband by twenty-six days, dying of grief.
👑 Creates the double Plantagenet descent
Sancho III of Castile in the Compendio de crónicas de reyes
15th century
👑 Sancho III of Castile
1134–1158
Castile
Nicknamed “the Desired” because he arrived after eight childless years. He reigned barely one year, but in it founded the Order of Calatrava, Spain's first military order.
Alfonso VII as emperor, in a Privilegium Imperatoris
12th century
👑 Alfonso VII — crowned Emperor of All Spain, 1135
1105–1157
León & Castile
On 26 May 1135 he was crowned Imperator totius Hispaniae — Emperor of All Spain — in León Cathedral, with the kings of Navarre and Aragon in attendance. He recognised Portugal's independence in 1143.
Queen Urraca in the Tumbo A of Santiago de Compostela
12th century
👑 Urraca — first sovereign queen regnant in Europe
1081–1126
León & Castile
The first woman in European history to reign in her own right as a sovereign queen, not a consort or regent. Her second marriage collapsed into open civil war — she besieged and was besieged by her own husband — yet she passed the kingdom to her son intact.
👑 First sovereign queen regnant in Europe
The signum of Alfonso VI on a charter
11th century
👑 Alfonso VI — took Toledo, 1085; El Cid's king
c.1040–1109
León & Castile
Took Toledo, the old Visigothic capital, in 1085 — the greatest Christian prize of the eleventh century. He was El Cid's king; the two men reconciled after Sagrajas.
Ferdinand I and Queen Sancha receiving a book of hours
1055
👑 Ferdinand I the Great
c.1015–1065
León & Castile
He won León by killing his own brother-in-law at the Battle of Tamarón in 1037 — his wife's inheritance settled by lance. The tribute gold he extracted from the taifa kings funded the Romanesque churches of the Camino.
The burial stone of Sancho III the Great
medieval funerary slab
👑 Sancho III the Great of Navarre
c.992–1035
Navarre
The most powerful Christian ruler in Iberia; by 1034 he held everything from Zamora to the borders of Barcelona. He rerouted and promoted the Camino de Santiago. Every later Spanish royal house descends from him.
👑 Sancho I Garcés — founder of the Jiménez kings
c.865–925  •  Pamplona
Founder of the Jiménez dynasty. In 905 he deposed the last Íñiguez king and legitimised the coup by marrying his granddaughter.
Reliable back-wall of the Navarrese line — García Jiménez above him is semi-legendary

👑 The Capetian Kings of France, and Kiev — through Joan of Ponthieu

Eleanor of Castile's mother opens the French royal house, and through Anne of Kiev the princes of the Rus.
Joan, Countess of Ponthieu
later
Joan, Countess of Ponthieu — nearly Queen of England
c.1220–1279
Ponthieu
She was very nearly Queen of England herself — a secret match with Henry III was blocked at the papal court by Blanche of Castile, which sent Joan to Spain instead and her daughter to England a generation later.
Drawing of the seal of Marie, Countess of Ponthieu
seal 13th century; drawing 1880
Marie, Countess of Ponthieu
1199–1250
Ponthieu
Countess of Ponthieu in her own right. She negotiated her exiled husband's rehabilitation in 1231 — on the humiliating condition that the King of France personally approve their daughters' marriages.
Alys of France — betrothed to Richard the Lionheart
1160–c.1220  •  France
One of the great scandals of the age. Betrothed at eight to Richard the Lionheart and sent to England as Henry II's ward, she remained unmarried twenty-six years amid persistent reports that Henry II had made her his mistress. Richard repudiated the betrothal at Messina in 1190.
Royal seal of Louis VII in wax
from his reign, 1137–1180
👑 Louis VII “le Jeune”, King of France
b. 1120  •  d. 18 September 1180 at Paris
buried at Barbeau Abbey, which he founded; moved to Saint-Denis in 1817
son of Louis VI the Fat and Adelaide of Maurienne  •  m. (1, 1137) Eleanor of Aquitaine, annulled 1152; m. (2) Constance of Castile, d. in childbirth 1160; m. (3, five weeks later) Adela of Champagne — the haste was dynastic desperation for a son
He was raised for the Church, and it never left him. A second son, he became heir only when his elder brother Philip died in a riding accident in 1131, and was anointed junior king that October — which is where le Jeune, the Younger, comes from, distinguishing him from his father while both were crowned. That byname is genuinely contemporary.
He burned a town full of people, and then took the cross. In the war with Theobald of Champagne he besieged and burned Vitry around 1143–44; roughly fifteen hundred people who had taken refuge in the church died in the fire. The guilt was a direct spur to the Second Crusade. He set out from Saint-Denis in June 1147, was mauled by Turkish ambush in Anatolia, reached Antioch in March 1148 and then Jerusalem, and joined the siege of Damascus — which collapsed after four days. He came home in November 1149 with nothing achieved.
The annulment was arguably the worst decision any medieval French king made. The Council of Beaugency dissolved the marriage in March 1152 on the stated ground of consanguinity — fourth cousins once removed — after fifteen years that had produced two daughters and the poisonous fallout of Antioch. Eleanor married Henry of Anjou eight weeks later. Aquitaine went with her; Henry became King of England in 1154; and the resulting conflict ran, on and off, for three hundred years. His reign nonetheless saw the schools of Paris coalesce into the University of Paris, and the start of Notre-Dame in 1163.
Eleanor never said she had married a monk. The line — that she thought to marry a king and found she had married a monk — is a late and probably apocryphal quip. The Antioch quarrel with her uncle Raymond of Poitiers was real; the adultery is unproven and the Amazon stories are later embroidery. And this was not a divorce for adultery: it was a canonical annulment for consanguinity, and the daughters were expressly declared legitimate.
👑 Louis VI the Fat — Suger's king
1081–1137  •  France
By his forties he was too heavy to mount a warhorse — but he had already spent thirty years hunting down the robber-barons of the Île-de-France. His friend and minister Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis invented Gothic architecture.
👑 Philip I — the first Philip of France
c.1052–1108  •  France
His Kievan mother gave him a Greek name unheard of in Western royalty — Philip — and every later Philip of France descends from that choice. He was excommunicated in 1094 for abducting the Countess of Anjou.
👑 Henry I of France — knighted the young Conqueror
1008–1060  •  France
He personally knighted and protected the young William the Conqueror, saving his duchy at Val-ès-Dunes — then turned on him and was beaten twice. Having lost two wives, he sent an embassy 1,500 miles to Kiev for a bride distant enough that no consanguinity objection was possible.
Anne of Kiev’s Cyrillic signature on a French royal charter
early 1060s
👑 Anne of Kiev, Queen of France
b. c. 1030 at Kyiv  •  d. probably 1075; a document of 1089 shows she was dead by then
place of death and burial both unresolved
daughter of Yaroslav the Wise and Ingegerd of Sweden  •  m. (1, 19 May 1051 at Reims) Henry I of France, about twenty years her senior — mother of Philip I and of Hugh of Vermandois; m. (2, c. 1061) Ralph IV, Count of Valois, who was still married and was excommunicated for it
In a court where the greatest men in France signed with a cross drawn for them by a scribe, the queen wrote her own name — in an alphabet none of them could read. Her subscription on the Saint-Crépin charter of the early 1060s is one of the most-quoted pieces of evidence for female literacy in eleventh-century Europe. Historians debate whether the hand is hers or a Rus chaplain’s; either way it evidences a schooling in Kyiv that Capetian France did not routinely give its women. It should not be over-read as Rus literate and France not — Anne came from the single most bookish court in eastern Europe, her father’s.
She governed, and the charters show it. After Henry died in August 1060 she acted as regent alongside Baldwin V of Flanders, who was Philip’s official guardian — and her name appears on roughly four times as many charters as his. She was doing the work, not decorating it. Her influence fell away after the Valois marriage.
She gave France the name Philip. Her son was the first French king to bear it, and it became one of the dynasty’s standard names. In 1062 she founded the abbey of Saint-Vincent at Senlis; her dedicatory letter uses Eastern formulas — “Mary, mother of God” rather than the Western “Our Lady” — which suggests she kept something of her Orthodox formation after moving into the Latin church.
Her grave is lost and the story that she went home is not evidence. In 1682 the Jesuit antiquary Ménestrier claimed to have found her tomb at Villiers Abbey — but Villiers was not founded until the thirteenth century, which undermines the identification, and whatever monument existed was destroyed in the Revolution. The romantic tale that she returned to Kyiv has no evidential basis. Note also that she is claimed by both Ukrainian and Russian national narratives, publicly so; the uncertainties on this card are documentary, not political.
Robert II enthroned, Grandes Chroniques de France
14th century
👑 Robert II “the Pious”, King of France
b. c. 972 at Orléans  •  d. 20 July 1031 at Melun  •  a 35-year reign
buried at Saint-Denis
son of Hugh Capet and Adelaide of Aquitaine  •  m. Rozala of Italy, repudiated; Bertha of Burgundy, separated 1001; and Constance of Arles, mother of his heirs
He took on the Church over a marriage and held out for five years. His match with Bertha of Burgundy was condemned as incestuous on two counts: they were second cousins, and he had stood godfather to her son by a previous marriage — a spiritual kinship the Church treated as a real impediment. The councils of Pavia in 997 and Rome in 998 imposed seven years’ penance and threatened excommunication. He did not give her up until 1001.
He is the first French king credited with the royal touch — the power to cure disease by laying on hands — a claim that attached to French and English kings for the next eight hundred years. He also annexed the Duchy of Burgundy, pressing the claim from 1002 and completing it by 1015: the first substantial territorial gain of the Capetian monarchy, and the thing that made his father’s fragile new dynasty viable.
“The Pious” is his biographer’s word, and his biographer left things out. The label comes from Helgaud of Fleury, a monk writing to praise him; the same reign saw heretics burned at Orléans in 1022, among the earliest executions for heresy in medieval western Europe, and anti-Jewish persecution from around 1007 — neither of which Helgaud mentions, and both of which other chronicles record. One more thing gets stated too flatly: popular accounts, and Jean-Paul Laurens’s famous 1875 painting, say Gregory V excommunicated him in 998. The conciliar record shows penance imposed and excommunication threatened; whether a sentence was ever pronounced is disputed.
The coronation of Hugh Capet, from a Grandes Chroniques manuscript
late 14th century
👑 HUGH CAPET, King of the Franks
b. c. 939–941, probably at Paris  •  d. 24 October 996, Paris
buried at Saint-Denis
son of Hugh the Great, Duke of the Franks, and Hedwige of Saxony, daughter of Henry the Fowler  •  m. 969 Adelaide of Aquitaine
He was elected, and the argument used to elect him was that the throne is not inherited. When Louis V died childless in 987, Archbishop Adalbero of Reims pushed Hugh over the legitimate Carolingian claimant, Charles of Lower Lorraine, telling the assembly that the crown went by merit, not hereditary right. Hugh was crowned on 1 June 987 at Noyon and again on 3 July at Reims — and then, within months, had his son Robert crowned co-king. That is the trick: it quietly converted an elective throne into a hereditary one, and his successors repeated it for two hundred years.
He was not powerful. His dynasty simply refused to end. The royal demesne was little more than the Île-de-France around Paris and Orléans, and some of his nominal vassals were far richer than he was. What followed: the senior Capetian line ruled France from 987 to 1328, the Valois and Bourbon branches until 1848, and Capetian descendants still reign today in Spain and Luxembourg. One assembly in 987 is still running.
“Capet” was not his name. Contemporaries called him Hugh, son of Hugh the Great. The byname is first attached to the dynasty by Ralph de Diceto, writing in London around 1200, and its meaning is genuinely uncertain — commonly linked to cappa, the cloak of St Martin, from his role as lay abbot of Saint-Martin of Tours. In 1792 the revolutionaries pointedly tried Louis XVI as “Louis Capet,” using the surname as an insult. The story that St Valery appeared to him promising the crown to his line for seven generations is dynastic legend, recorded afterwards to justify the usurpation.
Hugh the Great — the kingmaker who refused the crown
c.898–956  •  France
The kingmaker who refused the crown. Strong enough to take the throne, he twice installed Carolingians he could control — fetching the exiled boy Louis IV back from England in 936 — and collected Burgundy and Aquitaine as his fee.
👑 Robert I of France
c.866–923  •  France
Elected king in rebellion against Charles the Simple, he reigned less than a year and was killed at Soissons in 923 — in a battle his own army won without him.
Robert the Strong — killed at Brissarthe, 866
c.830–866  •  Neustria
He died fighting Vikings at Brissarthe on 2 July 866. He had trapped the Norse chieftain Hastein in a church and, on a hot July day, took off his armour to direct the siege — at which moment the Vikings burst out and cut him down.
Back-wall of the Capetian line — Robert the Strong's own parentage is unproven
Reconstruction drawing of the fresco of Yaroslav’s family in St Sophia, Kyiv
underlying fresco c. 1040s; drawing modern
👑 Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev
b. c. 978  •  d. 20 February 1054 at Vyshhorod, near Kiev
buried in a marble sarcophagus in St Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv — which he built
son of Vladimir the Great; his mother is normally given as Rogneda of Polotsk, though this is contested  •  m. 1019 Ingegerd Olofsdotter of Sweden, who took the name Irina
Father-in-law of Europe, and the phrase is nearly literal. Elisiv married Harald Hardrada of Norway. Anastasia married Andrew I of Hungary. Anne married Henry I of France — her card is the next one down this line. His sons married into Poland and Byzantium; his sister married Casimir I of Poland. He issued the Russkaya Pravda, the first written law code of the East Slavs, and began St Sophia in Kyiv in 1037 to mark his victory over the Pechenegs.
His bones were examined in 1936, and they limped. The sarcophagus was opened in 1936 and 1939 and the remains studied by Mikhail Gerasimov, the pioneer of facial reconstruction from the skull: a man in his sixties, with a deformed hip joint and a damaged knee — injuries consistent with what the chronicles and the sagas both say. Norse sources call him Jarizleifr haltr, Yaroslav the Lame.
And then the bones disappeared. They went to Leningrad and never came back. When the sarcophagus was opened again in 2009 it held only female remains. Yaroslav’s skeleton is unaccounted for, with theories running from Soviet retention to wartime removal abroad, and every modern reconstruction of his face rests on Gerasimov’s pre-war measurements alone — measurements to which Gerasimov, having no likeness to work from, added a long beard and a fur-trimmed cap borrowed from much later Muscovite iconography. The familiar “face of Yaroslav” is part anatomy and part costume drama.
“The Wise” is not medieval. It was popularised by nineteenth-century Russian national historiography and does not appear as his byname in the chronicles, which praise his learning without giving him the title. His actual near-contemporary nickname was the opposite in tone. He also came to power only after a long fratricidal war and ruled a divided realm jointly with his brother Mstislav until 1036. The often-repeated marriage of a daughter Agatha to Edward the Exile of England — which would tie this line to St Margaret — is disputed, and Agatha’s parentage remains one of the standing puzzles of medieval genealogy.
Silver coin of Vladimir the Great showing the ruler enthroned
c. 990–1015
👑 ✚ Vladimir the Great, Grand Prince of Kiev
b. c. 958  •  d. 15 July 1015 at Berestove, near Kiev
birthplace not recorded
son of Sviatoslav I of Kiev and Malusha, described in the Primary Chronicle as Olga’s housekeeper — so he was illegitimate and of low maternal birth, a thing his enemies said to his face  •  among his wives: Rogneda of Polotsk, taken by force; and Anna Porphyrogenita, sister of the Emperor Basil II
His marriage broke an imperial rule that had been written down to stop exactly this. Constantine VII’s own De administrando imperio expressly barred a porphyrogenita — a princess born in the purple — from marrying a foreign ruler. Basil II broke it because he needed Vladimir’s six thousand Varangian troops against the revolt of Bardas Phokas. Those troops became the nucleus of the Varangian Guard. In 988 the Rus entered the Orthodox world, and stayed.
Before he converted he did the opposite, in public. Around 980 he raised a pagan pantheon on the hill at Kiev, with an idol of Perun whose head was silver and whose moustache was gold. In 988 the same idol was tied to a horse’s tail, beaten, and thrown into the Dnieper, and the people of Kiev were driven into the river for mass baptism. He and Anna then built the Church of the Tithes, endowed with a tenth of his revenues — the first stone church of the Rus.
His death opened a four-year war among his sons, in which Boris and Gleb were killed and became the first canonised saints of the Rus.
The religion-shopping embassy is a literary set-piece, and a good one. The Primary Chronicle has envoys sent to inspect Islam among the Volga Bulgars, Judaism among the Khazars, Latin Christianity among the Germans and Greek Christianity at Constantinople, returning from Hagia Sophia saying “we knew not whether we were in Heaven or on Earth”, with Islam rejected because “drinking is the joy of the Rus.” It was almost certainly written in the 1040s to assert the Rus church’s dignity beside Byzantium. The Arabic sources give a flatly different and more credible account: a hard-nosed bargain in 987 — troops for a purple-born bride, with baptism as the price of the match. Where the two diverge, most historians follow the Arabic. “The Great” is a later honorific; the folk-epic name Krasno Solnyshko, Fair Sun, comes from oral tradition.
Sviatoslav I, bronze by Eugene Lanceray
1886
👑 Sviatoslav — destroyed the Khazar Khaganate
c.943–972
Kiev
The last great pagan warlord of the Rus. He destroyed the Khazar Khaganate and broke the First Bulgarian Empire in a single decade. He sent enemies one message before attacking: I am coming against you. Ambushed at the Dnieper rapids, his skull was made into a drinking cup.
Igor of Kiev in the Radziwiłł Chronicle
15th century
👑 Igor of Kiev
c.877–945
Kiev
Besieged Constantinople twice, had his fleet burned by Greek fire, and still extracted a favourable trade treaty in 945. Returning to squeeze a second tribute from the Drevlians, he was captured and torn in half between two bent birch trees.
Olga’s vengeance on the Drevlians, Radziwiłł Chronicle miniature
late 15th century
👑 ✚ St Olga of Kiev — Equal-to-the-Apostles
birth uncertain, estimates from c. 890 to c. 925  •  d. 11 July 969 at Kiev
the Chronicle says she came from Pleskov, usually read as Pskov, and was of Varangian stock; her parents are not recorded
m. Igor of Kiev, heir of Rurik, killed by the Drevlians in 945 while extorting a second tribute  •  mother of Sviatoslav I, regent for him from 945
The first woman to rule the Rus — and her real achievement is the dull one. After Igor was killed collecting tribute, she replaced the roving tribute-gathering that had killed him with fixed levies at fixed collection points. It is an early step toward an administered state, it is far more likely to be true than the famous stories, and it is what actually changed.
Two documents put her beyond legend. Constantine VII’s De Ceremoniis records the protocol of her receptions at the imperial court in 957 in dry administrative detail. And in 959 the Continuation of Regino of Prüm records envoys of “Helena, queen of the Rugi” asking Otto I for a bishop — Adalbert of Trier was sent in 961 and fled back in 962. She was shopping for a church, and briefly considered the Latin one. She was baptised as Helena, taking the reigning empress’s name, and failed entirely to convert her son, who said his retinue would laugh at him.
She is one of a very small number of women ever given the title Isapostolos, Equal-to-the-Apostles. Local veneration long preceded her formal canonisation in the Russian Church in 1547.
The four revenges are folklore, and the last one gives itself away. The Primary Chronicle has the first Drevlian embassy carried in their own boat and dropped into a trench and buried alive; a second delegation burned in a bathhouse; some five thousand Drevlians cut down at Igor’s funeral feast once drunk; and the siege of Iskorosten broken by demanding three pigeons and three sparrows from each household, tying sulphur and tinder to the birds and letting them fly home to burn the town. That bird-arson motif also appears in Norse saga and elsewhere in medieval literature, which is a strong sign it was attached to Olga rather than done by her. The Chronicle was written some 150 years after her death. Its dates also do not work: a marriage in 903 sits badly with her bearing Sviatoslav around 942, so at least one of them is wrong.
⚔ RURIK — traditional founder of the dynasty
fl. 862–879  •  Novgorod
The Primary Chronicle says the tribes sent overseas with the words: “Our land is great and rich, but there is no order in it. Come rule and reign over us.” The dynasty he founded ruled until 1598. His historicity is debated — treat him as traditional founder.
Traditional founder, not documented ancestor — the Rurik-to-Igor link is the weakest in this panel

👑 Provence, Aragon and Savoy — through Eleanor of Provence

Edward I's mother, and the Mediterranean houses behind her.
Manuscript detail identified as Eleanor of Provence
mid-13th century, if the attribution holds
👑 Eleanor of Provence, Queen of England
b. c. 1223, probably at Aix-en-Provence  •  d. 24 or 25 June 1291 at Amesbury Priory, Wiltshire
buried at Amesbury; the exact spot is unknown, which makes her the only English queen without an identified grave. Her heart went to the Greyfriars in London.
daughter of Ramon Berenguer V, Count of Provence, and Beatrice of Savoy  •  m. 14 January 1236 at Canterbury Henry III — she was about twelve or thirteen, he was twenty-eight, and they had never met
Four daughters of a minor Provençal count, and all four married rulers. Eleanor took England. Her sister Margaret married Louis IX of France; Sanchia married Richard of Cornwall, later King of the Romans; Beatrice married Charles of Anjou, later King of Sicily. Four sisters, four crowns — and it is the single most improbable marriage record in this tree.
She was regent of England, and then she raised an army. She governed with Richard of Cornwall in 1253–54 while Henry campaigned in Gascony — one of very few English queens given formal regency powers. After Lewes, with her husband a prisoner, she pawned her jewels, hired mercenaries in France and assembled an invasion fleet at Damme in 1264. Contrary winds and money kept it from sailing.
London pelted her off a barge and she never forgave the city. In July 1263, trying to leave the Tower by water, she was caught at London Bridge by a crowd throwing stones, paving fragments, mud, rotten eggs and vegetables. The Mayor got her ashore. She ended her life as a nun at Amesbury, where two of her granddaughters were already professed.
She is not the Eleanor of the Eleanor Crosses. Those commemorate her daughter-in-law, Eleanor of Castile; the two are confused constantly. Her reputation as a grasping foreigner who bled England dry comes mostly from Matthew Paris and other unfriendly chroniclers — what is documented is that her Savoyard relatives got major offices and that she pressed hard on queen-gold, her cut of certain fines. An order of January 1275 expelling Jews from her dower towns, fifteen years before Edward I’s general expulsion, is real; how far it was her initiative is currently contested, since she may not have had the legal authority to expel at all.
Ramon Berenguer IV of Provence
1198–1245  •  Provence
The first count in over a century actually to live in Provence, he kept troubadours permanently at court — and married all four of his daughters to crowns.
Beatrice of Savoy
c.1205–1266  •  Savoy
Her Savoyard kin followed her daughters across Europe; the crowd of them in England made her daughter Eleanor deeply unpopular in London.
Alfonso II of Aragon in the Liber feudorum maior
12th century
👑 Alfonso II of Aragon — a working troubadour
1157–1196
Aragon
The first ruler of the united Crown of Aragon — and a working troubadour himself, whose Occitan verse survives.
Wilfred the Hairy — founder of Catalonia's dynasty
c.840–897  •  Barcelona
Founder of the dynasty and of the monastery of Ripoll. Legend says Charles the Bald drew four bloody fingers down his golden shield to create the four red bars of the Catalan flag — a beautiful story with no evidence behind it.
Bello of Carcassonne, often given as his grandfather, is conventional but unproven
Humbert I the White-Handed — founder of Savoy
c.980–1047  •  Savoy
An obscure Burgundian lord who backed two emperors and was paid in Alpine passes — founding a dynasty that would still be reigning, as kings of Italy, in 1946.
Above Humbert I the Savoy ancestry is genuinely unknown

⚔ The de Clare Inheritance — Magna Carta Barons and the Kings of Ireland

Entering one generation below Edward I through Elizabeth de Badlesmere. This is also where Will's tree and Kari's tree meet — her sister Maud is his ancestor.
⚔ Elizabeth de Badlesmere — MEETING POINT with Will's tree
1313–1356  •  Kent
Married at three years old to seal the Mortimer alliance; later wife of William de Bohun. This is where the two family trees meet — her sister Maud is Will's ancestor.
⚔ Meeting point with Will's tree
The Badlesmere arms: argent, a fess between two bars gemelles gules
the coat is 14th-century; this drawing is modern
Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere
b. 18 August 1275  •  executed 14 April 1322 at Blean, Kent, after trial at Canterbury the same day
drawn three miles behind a horse to Blean — land he himself owned — then hanged and beheaded, his head set on the Burgh Gate at Canterbury
son of Sir Guncelin de Badlesmere and Joan FitzBernard  •  m. by 30 June 1308 Margaret de Clare, daughter of Thomas de Clare of Thomond
He was inside Edward II’s trust before he broke it. Governor of Bristol Castle in 1307, deputy Constable of England in 1310, constable of Leeds Castle from 1317, steward of the king’s household from 1318 to 1321, and Warden of the Cinque Ports with Dover Castle in 1320. He hosted the king at Chilham. Then he defected to Lancaster — and in October 1321 his wife, holding Leeds in his absence, refused Queen Isabella entry and the garrison killed six of her men.
His body lay at Blean for two years before it was allowed a grave. Only the Lent Parliament of 1324 authorised ecclesiastical burial; he is reported to have been buried at the Whitefriars, Canterbury. His wife was held at Dover and then in the Tower for about a year.
Two men executed in 1322 became grandfathers-in-law to the same grandchildren. His son Giles died without issue in 1338 and the inheritance passed through four daughters — one of whom, Elizabeth, married William de Bohun, Earl of Northampton, son of Humphrey de Bohun and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan. Boroughbridge killed both fathers; the next generation married anyway.
He was not hanged, drawn and quartered. The record says drawn, hanged and beheaded, with the head displayed; there is no quartering. And the claim that Isabella’s request for lodging was a trap staged by Edward II to expose him is a modern reconstruction of motive, not something the chroniclers say.
Margaret de Clare, Baroness Badlesmere
b. on or about 1 April 1287 at Bunratty Castle, Co. Clare  •  d. 1333
Ireland → Kent
daughter of Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond, and Juliana FitzGerald  •  m. (1) Gilbert de Umfraville, d. childless; m. (2, by June 1308) Bartholomew de Badlesmere
She shut a castle door on the Queen of England and started a war. In October 1321 Queen Isabella, ostensibly on pilgrimage to Canterbury, asked for lodging at Leeds Castle. Bartholomew was away with the Lancastrian barons; Margaret refused her entry. When Isabella’s men tried to force the gate the garrison shot at them and killed six.
Edward II’s answer was the largest force he ever raised against an English subject. He ordered the sheriffs of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, Hampshire and Essex to muster by 23 October; London sent 500 men; and nearly every living English earl came except Lancaster and Hereford. Leeds surrendered on 31 October, five days after the king arrived. Thirteen of the garrison were hanged, and the record names every one of them.
She was imprisoned at Dover and then in the Tower of London, and released about a year later. Her husband was executed after Boroughbridge in 1322. The siege she caused is generally reckoned the opening move of the campaign that destroyed the Marcher lords.
There are three Margaret de Clares of this generation and they are merged constantly. This is the daughter of Thomas de Clare of Thomond. She is not Margaret de Clare born 1293/94, daughter of Joan of Acre, who married Piers Gaveston — that woman is her first cousin once removed. Any card giving this Margaret a Gaveston marriage, or giving Gaveston’s wife a 1287 birth, has run the two together.
Bunratty Castle, County Clare
photograph 2020; building begun c. 1450
Thomas de Clare, Lord of Thomond
b. c. 1245, said to be at Tonbridge, Kent  •  d. 29 August 1287 in Thomond
Kent → Bunratty, Co. Clare
son of Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester, and Maud de Lacy; younger brother of Gilbert the Red  •  m. (February 1275) Juliana FitzGerald of Offaly
He was granted an entire Irish kingdom on parchment and spent the rest of his life trying to make the grant real. On 26 January 1276 Edward I gave him “the entire lordship of Thomond” — territory the Crown did not control, conditional on his conquering it. He built the first stone castle at Bunratty, and a town of roughly a thousand people grew up around it within twenty years.
He and an Irish king swore an alliance in blood, and then he killed him. He allied with the deposed Brian Ruadh Ó Briain; the Four Masters say the two swore “all the oaths in Munster, as bells, relics of saints, and croziers, to be true to each other for ever,” and sealed it by drawing blood from each and mingling it in a vessel. After their joint defeat in 1277 Thomas had him killed. The Irish account says he was “bound to sterne steedes and tortured to death” — torn apart by horses; English record language calls it hanging and drawing for treason. The same man, two vocabularies.
His daughter is the one who shut Leeds Castle against the queen. Margaret de Clare, born at Bunratty on or about 1 April 1287 — the year her father died — became Baroness Badlesmere and in 1321 refused Queen Isabella entry, touching off Edward II’s war on the Marcher lords. Her card is elsewhere on this chart.
He did not die at Dysert O’Dea. Many trees kill him there; that battle was in 1318 and killed his son Richard. The Dublin annals say Thomas was killed in battle, but as Wikipedia notes, none of the earlier records of his death indicate he met a violent end — the violent death is the late tradition.
Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester
b. 4 August 1222  •  d. 15 July 1262 near Canterbury
buried at Tewkesbury Abbey on 28 July 1262, in the presence of two bishops and eight abbots
son of Gilbert de Clare and Isabel Marshal  •  m. (1, secretly, as children, c. 1236) Margaret “Megotta” de Burgh, d. 1237; m. (2, 2 February 1238) Maud de Lacy
He was poisoned in 1258 and survived it; his brother did not. Around 22 July his steward Walter de Scotenay was accused of dosing them both. The Dictionary of National Biography records what it cost him: he lost his nails, his teeth and his skin. His brother William de Clare died. Scotenay was hanged on 26 May 1259.
His first marriage was a scandal that helped bring down a regime. Hubert de Burgh, then the most powerful man in England, was accused of secretly marrying the royal ward to his own daughter. He denied arranging it; Margaret’s death in 1237 closed the affair. In 1255 Richard and John Maunsel talked their way into Edinburgh Castle by deception to free the young Alexander III and his queen from the control of Robert de Ros.
He founded Clare Priory in Suffolk in 1248 — the first house of Augustinian Friars in England, and later the burial place of Joan of Acre, who married his son. Matthew Paris admired the young earl as “elegant, eloquent, and prudent” and the hope of the English nobility, then later accused him of treating his own daughter’s marriage as a commercial transaction. A carved shield of his arms still marks him as a benefactor in the north choir aisle of Westminster Abbey.
The story that he was poisoned a second time, fatally, at the table of Peter of Savoy is rumour reported as rumour — the DNB says so, and the 1258 episode almost certainly seeded the 1262 gossip. His title numbering is also a genuine mess: 6th Earl of Gloucester and 5th of Hertford in most modern usage, “eighth Earl of Clare” in the DNB.
Maud de Lacy, Countess of Gloucester and Hertford
b. 25 January 1223 at Lincoln  •  d. 1287×1289 — the conventional “1289” is the outside limit, not a recorded date
Lincoln → Clare and Usk
daughter of John de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln, and Margaret de Quincy  •  m. 25 January 1238 — her fifteenth birthday — Richard de Clare, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford
Her parents paid Henry III £5,000 for permission to marry her off. That is the price of a match at the top of the English aristocracy in 1238, stated as a number. She married on her fifteenth birthday; her jointure and dower included the castle of Usk and the manor of Clare.
Twenty-seven years of widowhood, and 77 lawsuits. She brought 33 suits in the central courts and was herself sued 44 times — one of the most litigious women of the thirteenth century, described by her modern biographer as “highly competitive and somewhat embittered.” One of the people who sued her was her own son, Gilbert the Red, who brought an action to have her widow’s third cut back. She sued to recover the manor of Naseby, the largest single piece of her marriage portion, and lost.
She designed her husband’s tomb. After Richard died in July 1262 she commissioned the monument at Tewkesbury herself. She re-founded Canonsleigh in Devon as a house of nuns, gave it the manor of Sydinghowe in 1280 for his soul, and endowed Stoke-by-Clare Priory.
📜 John de Lacy, Earl of Lincoln — Magna Carta surety
b. c. 1192  •  d. 22 July 1240
buried in the choir of Stanlaw Abbey, Cheshire; his remains were later moved to Whalley
son of Roger de Lacy, constable of Chester, and Maud de Clare  •  m. (1, 1214) Alice de L’Aigle, d. 1216; m. (2, 1221) Margaret de Quincy, through whom he became Earl of Lincoln
King John’s method of government, in one transaction. His inheritance was enormous — over a hundred knights’ fees and the baronies of Pontefract, Clitheroe, Penwortham, Widnes and Halton — and John charged him a fine of 7,000 marks to enter it, payable in instalments, with the crown holding his chief castles as security. He was one of the twenty-five barons named in 1215 to enforce Magna Carta.
He renounced the charter in writing within about seven months. On New Year’s Day 1216 he submitted to John: “If I have sworn an oath to the king’s enemies, then I will not hold to it, nor will I adhere in any way to the charter of liberties.” By October he was in rebellion again; he submitted for good in August 1217, and later witnessed the 1225 reissue — the version that actually became law. He is the clearest evidence that the sureties were a faction rather than a set of constitutionalists.
He was at Damietta with Saer de Quincy, and came home. He sailed for Egypt in May 1218 with Ranulf of Chester and returned in August 1220. Two of the twenty-five were on that campaign; only one survived it.
“1st Earl of Lincoln” is the usual style and is probably wrong. The 1232 arrangement made his mother-in-law Hawise of Chester the first holder of the creation in her own right, so careful modern numbering makes him the second earl.
Saer de Quincy, Earl of Winchester
later
📜 Saer de Quincy, Earl of Winchester — Magna Carta surety
b. c. 1155  •  d. 3 November 1219 in the crusader camp at Damietta, Egypt
by his own instruction his body was buried at Acre; his heart was brought home to Garendon Abbey, Leicestershire
son of Robert de Quincy and Orabilis, heiress of Leuchars in Fife  •  m. Margaret de Beaumont, sister of the 4th Earl of Leicester
His whole career turned on one death. When his brother-in-law the Earl of Leicester died childless in 1204, Margaret inherited half the Beaumont estates; once the partition was ratified in 1207 Saer was given the earldom of Winchester to match his new landed weight. An earldom created to fit an inheritance, rather than the other way round.
He surrendered a castle without a fight and never lived it down. In 1203 he and Robert FitzWalter, his second cousin, held Vaudreuil in Normandy and gave it up to Philip Augustus. A royal writ later confirmed that John had ordered it — but that is not what people said at the time: both men were mocked, taken as prisoners of the French, and left to raise heavy ransoms themselves, because John would not pay. The honest position is that a royal writ and public contempt both survive, and they do not agree.
He went further than most of the twenty-five: he offered the crown to France. He led the embassy that invited Prince Louis, son of Philip Augustus, to take the English throne. Magna Carta’s enforcers were prepared to change the dynasty. He took the cross in the spring of 1219 and was dead by November.
He was not “one of the chief authors of Magna Carta.” Being one of the twenty-five and a negotiator is documented; authorship of the text is not. Sources also differ on what came home to Garendon — his heart, or the ashes of his entrails after the body was prepared for burial at Acre.
Charter of Gilbert de Clare with his equestrian seal, 1218×1230
1218–1230
📜 Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester — Magna Carta surety
b. 1180  •  d. 25 October 1230 at Penros in Brittany, on the return from Henry III’s expedition
his body was carried home by way of Plymouth and Cranborne and buried at Tewkesbury Abbey
son of Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford, and Amice of Gloucester  •  m. 9 October 1217 at Tewkesbury Isabel Marshal, on her seventeenth birthday
The youngest of the twenty-five sureties, named to the committee while still his father’s heir — a measure of what the Clare name was worth to the rebel cause. He fought on Prince Louis’s side at the battle of Lincoln in May 1217 and was taken prisoner by William Marshal, the Regent. Five months later he married Marshal’s daughter.
He lived to witness the version of Magna Carta that actually became law. Very few of the 1215 twenty-five were still alive and in favour for Henry III’s definitive 1225 reissue — the text that entered English law and is still on the statute book. He also campaigned in Wales in 1223 and 1228, capturing the Welsh lord Morgan Gam, who was released in 1229.
His numbering is unstable — 5th, 6th or 7th Earl of Gloucester depending where the counting starts, and 4th Earl of Hertford alongside it. His marriage year appears as 1214 and 1216 in older genealogies; 1217 is the supported date. The details of his death in Brittany rest on the Victorian DNB rather than on modern scholarship.
The de Clare arms: or, three chevrons gules
the coat is 12th-century; this drawing is modern
📜 Richard de Clare, 3rd Earl of Hertford — Magna Carta surety
b. c. 1153  •  d. 1217
burial given as Tonbridge Priory, Kent — see the caution below
son of Roger de Clare, 2nd Earl of Hertford, and Maud de St Hilary  •  m. c. 1172 Amice of Gloucester, eventual sole heiress of the Earl of Gloucester
He and his son sat on the committee of twenty-five at the same time. The Magna Carta Trust is blunt about why he was chosen: in recognition “less of his personal qualities than of his family’s exalted standing in the realm.” He had been politically inert through nearly all of Henry II’s and Richard I’s reigns. In 1215 the Crown granted his lands in four counties away to another man and seized Tonbridge castle; he and his son were excommunicated together. On 9 November 1215 he served as one of the barons’ commissioners in peace negotiations with the king.
Three acquisitions made the Clares enormously rich under him — half the Giffard honour of Buckingham in 1189, the honour of St Hilary in 1195, and the Gloucester marriage, which carried over 260 knights’ fees in England plus extensive lands in Wales and the Marches. Before 1198 the pope ordered him to separate from Amice for consanguinity; they were later reconciled, which matters, because the legitimacy of the whole Gloucester inheritance ran through that marriage.
He never held the earldom of Gloucester, though he is frequently given it — he held the Gloucester lands in his wife’s right and died before the title passed. His son finished the job. The death date of 28 November 1217 and the Tonbridge burial are both widely repeated and thinly evidenced.
Isabel Marshal
b. 9 October 1200 at Pembroke Castle  •  d. 17 January 1240 at Berkhamsted, in childbirth, aged 39
body at Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire  •  heart at Tewkesbury Abbey
daughter of William Marshal and Isabel de Clare  •  m. (1, on her seventeenth birthday, 9 October 1217, at Tewkesbury) Gilbert de Clare, Earl of Hertford and Gloucester; m. (2, 30 March 1231) Richard, Earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry III
Her first marriage ended a war. Gilbert de Clare had been captured at the battle of Lincoln in May 1217, fighting for Prince Louis of France against her father, who was Regent of England. Five months later he married the Regent’s daughter. It is the most efficient piece of reconciliation in the whole civil war.
Henry III objected to her second marriage because the Marshals “were rich, influential, and often opposed him.” Richard of Cornwall married her anyway, at a small church in Buckinghamshire rather than at court.
Her deathbed wish was overruled, and her body divided. She asked to be buried beside her first husband at Tewkesbury. Richard buried her at Beaulieu instead, with their newborn son Nicholas, who died the same day — then split the difference by sending her heart to Tewkesbury, to which she had left chalices, service books and relics. Her son Henry of Almain was murdered in a church at Viterbo in 1271 by Simon de Montfort’s sons, a revenge killing that scandalised Europe.
A widely copied error worth naming, because it is in a great many family trees. Her daughter Isabel de Clare (1226–1264) is often given as “mother of Robert the Bruce.” That is wrong by a generation: Isabel married Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale, and was the king’s grandmother. Robert I’s mother was Marjorie, Countess of Carrick. Separately, “liver failure during childbirth,” which circulates as her cause of death, is a modern retrospective diagnosis with no thirteenth-century source behind it.
Effigy identified as William Marshal, Temple Church, London
effigy c. 1220s–1230s
William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke
b. 1146 or 1147  •  d. 14 May 1219 at Caversham, on the Thames
buried in the Round of the Temple Church, London, having been received into the Knights Templar on his deathbed
son of John Marshal, royal marshal, and Sybil of Salisbury  •  m. August 1189 Isabel de Clare, ten children
The earliest surviving full biography of a layman in any European vernacular was written about him, and it is why we know any of this. The Histoire de Guillaume le Maréchal runs to 19,214 lines of French verse, was written between 1224 and 1226 by a poet who names himself only as John, and was paid for by Marshal’s eldest son. It survives in exactly one manuscript, which vanished after a Sotheby’s sale in 1861 and was found again in 1880 among the remains of the Phillipps collection; the Morgan Library bought it in 1958. Georges Duby called it “infinitely precious: the memory of chivalry in an almost pure state.”
At five or six he was a hostage, and his father let him hang. At the siege of Newbury in 1152 John Marshal handed the boy to King Stephen as surety and then broke the truce anyway. Told the child would be hanged, he answered that he “still had the hammer and the anvil with which to forge still more and better sons.” Stephen could not do it; the Histoire has the child playing at knights with the king’s discarded weapons in the siege camp.
He got rich on the tournament circuit, and there was a clerk keeping the tally. In partnership with the Flemish knight Roger de Gaugi he took 103 knights in roughly ten months in 1177 — captured knights meant ransoms, horses and armour, which is how a landless fourth son became a magnate. After one victory near Paris the men bringing him the prize could not find him: he was at the blacksmith’s, head on the anvil, while the smith worked with hammers and tongs to prise off a helm that had been beaten shut on his head. In 1189, covering Henry II’s flight from Le Mans, he unhorsed Richard the Lionheart — killing the horse rather than the man to make the point. Richard employed him within months.
He ended as regent of England, and charged in person at seventy. Named protector of the nine-year-old Henry III on 11 November 1216, he led the attack at Lincoln in May 1217. On his deathbed he refused to let his robes and furs be sold to buy alms for his soul and gave them to his household knights instead. To Isabel he said: “Fair Lady, kiss me now, for you will never be able to do again.” She kissed him and both wept.
Nearly every vivid thing about him comes from one poem paid for by his heir. The hammer-and-anvil line, the unhorsing of Richard, the deathbed scenes, and the claim of 500 knights bested over a career are all the Histoire. It is early and well-informed and it is family testimony with an interest. The 500 is a dying man’s round number; the 103-in-ten-months figure is better, because the poem describes the clerk who counted them. “The greatest knight” is modern packaging — what is near-contemporary is the Histoire’s own formula, “the best knight in the world.”
Isabel de Clare, Countess of Pembroke
b. c. 1172, probably in Leinster  •  d. 11 March 1220 at Chepstow, ten months after her husband
buried at Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire
daughter of Richard “Strongbow” de Clare and Aoife MacMurrough  •  m. August 1189 William Marshal — ten children, five sons and five daughters
She was the estate, and her husband said so. Through her came Striguil, the claim to Pembroke, and the lordship of Leinster: a landless knight of about forty-three married a girl of about seventeen and became one of the richest men in England overnight. Henry II had kept her wardship in hand; releasing her to Marshal was one of Richard I’s first acts as king. The Histoire — a poem commissioned by their own son — puts the acknowledgement in Marshal’s mouth: he had no claim to anything here save through her.
She governed Leinster, and the best-attested thing she did she did pregnant. She ruled as her husband’s deputy across two long stretches, roughly 1200–1203 and 1207–1208, issuing writs and corresponding with the justiciar of England, the papal legate and Philip II of France. In 1207–08, with Marshal detained at King John’s court, the justiciar Meiler FitzHenry moved against Leinster; Isabel held it, and the campaign ended with Meiler defeated. She is credited with a leading part in founding the borough of New Ross on the Barrow. The Histoire calls her “the good, the fair, the wise, the courteous lady of high degree.”
All five of her sons succeeded to the earldom in turn, and all five died without legitimate male heirs — the Marshal male line was extinct by 1245. The explanation offered in the chronicles, a bishop’s curse laid on William Marshal over disputed lands, is a moralising story attached afterwards to a demographic accident, and should be told as a story rather than a cause. Two smaller cautions: her birth year is an inference (c. 1172 and c. 1174 both circulate), and “buried at Tintern beside her mother” is a later tidying — Aoife’s own burial is not securely recorded.
The tomb known as Strongbow’s, Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin
effigy c. 1330; re-erected 1570
Richard “Strongbow” de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke
b. c. 1130  •  d. 20 April 1176 at Dublin, of an infection in the leg
buried in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin
son of Gilbert de Clare, 1st Earl of Pembroke, and Isabel de Beaumont  •  m. about 26 August 1171 at Waterford Aoife MacMurrough, daughter of the King of Leinster
The bargain was explicit and commercial: help the deposed Diarmait recover Leinster, and get his daughter and the succession to his kingdom. Marriage as payment for military contracting, written down as terms. He sailed on 23 August 1170 in the face of royal displeasure — Henry II had not authorised it and later tried to block reinforcements. Waterford and Dublin fell within weeks, and the wedding followed inside the newly stormed town.
Henry II crossed to Ireland himself to stop one of his own barons becoming a king. He came in the autumn of 1171 with a large force. Richard submitted, surrendered his conquests and received them back as a fief held of the crown — the moment a freelance conquest became a royal lordship, and the legal beginning of eight centuries of English involvement in Ireland.
His tomb had a working civic life for centuries. Rents were paid on it, legal and financial agreements witnessed on it, the poor fed at it, and new cathedral choristers had their noses bloodied against it.
“Strongbow” is later, and probably not about archery. No source in his lifetime calls him that. In records of about 1300–1304 he appears as Ricardus cognomento Stranghose, which looks like a garbling of Striguil, his lordship at Chepstow; only in the fourteenth century does the form settle as Strongbow, and the byname had also attached to his father. The half-figure beside the tomb is not his son either: the story that Strongbow cleaved his son in two for cowardice rests on a Latin verse inscribed on the monument itself, and no contemporary source mentions any such thing.
Daniel Maclise, The Marriage of Strongbow and Aoife, 1854
1854
👑 Aoife of Leinster — Countess Eva
b. c. 1145–1153, genuinely uncertain  •  d. c. 1188
said to be buried at Tintern Abbey, Monmouthshire, beside her father-in-law — traditional and unproven
daughter of Diarmait Mac Murchada and Mór Ní Tuathail  •  m. 25 August 1170 at Waterford, Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke — “Strongbow”. She never remarried in twelve years of widowhood.
She was married in a town that had been stormed two days earlier, and that was the point. Strongbow landed on 23 August 1170 and took Waterford the same day in heavy bloodshed; the wedding followed on the 25th. Marrying there, over the dead, converted a mercenary contract into a claim of inheritance. The marriage was legally awkward on both sides: under Irish law a daughter could not carry a kingship to a husband, while under Norman law she could transmit an inheritance. Diarmait’s promise worked only because the Normans chose to read it by their own rules.
In her own charters she signed herself her father’s heir. After Strongbow died in 1176 she held land in her own right — at Chepstow around 1183–84, and demesne manors in Hertfordshire and Essex by 1185 — and in her charters, including one for the Benedictine nunnery at Ickleton, she styled herself “Countess Eva, daughter of King Diarmait.” An Anglo-Norman countess insisting in writing on Irish royal descent.
Her daughter became the greatest heiress in the Angevin world. Her son Gilbert died young, so Isabel de Clare inherited — and in August 1189 was married to William Marshal. Through the Marshal daughters, Aoife is an ancestress of a very large share of the English and Scottish nobility, which is why this one Irish marriage turns up on so many pedigrees.
“Red Eva” is not a contemporary byname, and the warrior stories are folklore. Contemporary Anglo-Norman sources call her simply Eva. The claim that she fought beside Strongbow at Waterford or Dublin appears in no contemporary source. Nor was she the helpless victim of the Maclise painting — that reading was invented in 1854; the record shows a woman who held land, issued charters and named herself her father’s heir. What cannot be recovered is whether she consented, because nobody thought to write it down.
Marginal pen drawing of Diarmait Mac Murchada, c. 1200
c. 1200
👑 Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster
b. c. 1110 in Leinster  •  d. 1 May 1171 at Ferns, Co. Wexford
buried in the graveyard at Ferns Cathedral, where a reputed grave-slab is still shown
son of Donnchad mac Murchada, king of Leinster and of Dublin, and Órlaith ingen Uí Braenáin  •  m. Sadb Ní Faeláin; m. (1153) Mór Ní Tuathail, sister of St Laurence O’Toole — mother of Aoife
He is the man who brought the Normans to Ireland, and he did it to get his own kingdom back. Driven out in 1166 by Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair and Tigernán Ua Ruairc, he sailed on 1 August, found Henry II in Aquitaine, obtained letters patent permitting him to recruit, and hired Richard de Clare, “Strongbow”, Robert FitzStephen and Maurice FitzGerald in Bristol and south Wales — offering Strongbow Aoife’s hand and the succession to Leinster. FitzStephen landed in May 1169; Strongbow in August 1170. On the modern reading his aim was never to hand Ireland to England but to recover Leinster and then take the high-kingship himself, with Norman heavy cavalry as a hired edge. He died before the consequences were clear.
Ireland remembers him as Diarmait na nGall, Diarmait of the foreigners. The obituary the Annals of the Four Masters gave him is one of the most savage in Irish annalistic writing: the king “by whom a trembling sod was made of all Ireland,” who “became putrid while living” and died “without making a will, without penance… as his evil deeds deserved.” Gerald of Wales, whose own relatives were among the invaders, still described him as tall, hoarse-voiced from years of shouting in battle, “a tyrant to his own subjects and hated by strangers.”
He was also a serious church patron, whatever the annalists said: Baltinglass Abbey in 1148, the nunnery of St Mary de Hogges in Dublin, and All Hallows Priory in 1162 — on whose site Trinity College Dublin now stands. His own father had been killed by the Norse-Irish of Dublin in 1115 and, by Leinster tradition, buried with a dog thrown into the grave as a calculated insult; that humiliation shadowed all his dealings with Dublin.
The abduction that supposedly caused the invasion is a romance built on a dynastic manoeuvre. In 1152 he carried off Derbforgaill, wife of Tigernán Ua Ruairc — but the Irish annals say she went with her cattle and her furniture, at the urging of her own brother, and was recovered within about a year. Historians read it as a move against Ua Ruairc, not an elopement, and it sits fourteen years before the invasion. His blackest reputation is largely post-1800 nationalist historiography; medieval Irish sources condemn him for sacrilege and for the abduction, not for selling Ireland, and hiring foreign mercenaries was ordinary practice among Irish kings.
The surviving tower of Ferns Castle, Co. Wexford
photograph modern
👑 Diarmait mac Máel na mBó — sheltered Harold's sons
d. 1072
Leinster
King of Leinster and High King with opposition. He sheltered Harold Godwinson's sons after Hastings and lent them the Dublin fleet for their raids on England in 1068.
Ferns Abbey, Co. Wexford
photograph 2009
👑 Cináed mac Cairpri
d. 935
Uí Chennselaig
King of Uí Chennselaig, and the point where the Leinster royal pedigree reaches the contemporary annals.
Clonmacnoise, Co. Offaly
photograph modern
Derbforgaill ingen meic Briain, Queen of Leinster
birth unrecorded  •  d. 1080
Ireland — place of death and burial unrecorded
daughter of a son of Brian Boru  •  m. Diarmait mac Máel na mBó (d. 1072), king of Leinster from 1042 and king of Ireland with opposition
Her whole existence rests on one line in the annals, and it is worth quoting. The Annals of the Four Masters at 1080 say only: “Dearbhforghaill, daughter of the son of Brian, and wife of Diarmaid, son of Mael-na-mbo, died.” She is identified not by her own father’s name but by her grandfather’s — which shows how far Brian’s name alone still worked as a rank marker sixty-six years after Clontarf.
Which son of Brian was her father is not stated. Later genealogy and current reference works give Donnchad mac Briain, who died in Rome in 1064; Tadc mac Briain, d. 1023, cannot be excluded from the annal wording alone. Her mother is unrecorded.
The marriage sat at the centre of a family war. Her husband was one of the most consequential Irish kings before the Normans: he took Dublin and installed his son as its king in 1042, sheltered the sons of Harold Godwinson after Hastings, and fostered Toirdelbach Ua Briain — whom he then backed to overthrow her own kinsman Donnchad mac Briain in 1063–64. He is also the direct ancestor of Diarmait Mac Murchada, and so of Aoife.
Two cautions, and the second is the softer link in this chain. First, she is constantly confused with a different woman: Derbforgaill ingen Murchada Ua Máel Sechlainn (1108–1193), the “Helen of Ireland” carried off by Diarmait Mac Murchada in 1152, who endowed Mellifont and finished the Nuns’ Church at Clonmacnoise. That woman descends from Brian at a distance of five generations, not two, and genealogical databases routinely merge the two — and often a third, Derbforgaill ingen Taidc, d. 1098. Nothing of the 1152 story belongs on this card. Second, and more important here: which of Diarmait’s children were hers is not recorded. His son Murchad is often assigned to her, but no source says so, and the Annals of Inisfallen — the Munster chronicle that would most be expected to notice an Uí Briain princess — do not record her death at all. The Brian Boru descent on this page runs through her, and this is where it is thinnest.
Engraved imaginary portrait of Brian Boru, 1723
1723
👑 Brian Bóruma mac Cennétig — BRIAN BORU, High King of Ireland
b. c. 941, traditionally at Kincora, Killaloe, Co. Clare  •  killed 23 April 1014 at Clontarf — Good Friday
buried at Armagh, not at his own Killaloe — a deliberate final statement of the Armagh alliance
son of Cennétig mac Lorcáin and Bé Binn ingen Urchada  •  three wives are securely attested: Mór, Echrad, and Gormflaith ingen Murchada, married about 997 and set aside before 1014
He is the only Irish king ever called Emperor in a contemporary document. On folio 16v of the Book of Armagh, Trinity College Dublin MS 52, an entry made in 1005 by Brian’s own secretary Máel Suthain — who signs himself in Latin as Calvus Perennis, “perpetual bald one” — records Brian’s confirmation of Armagh’s primacy and styles him Imperator Scotorum, Emperor of the Gaels. The Annals of Ulster go further in his obituary and call him “the Augustus of the whole of north-west Europe.”
He broke a six-century monopoly. No one outside the Uí Néill had held the high-kingship in roughly six hundred years. He built a fleet on the Shannon and used the river as a highway into Connacht and Mide — a genuinely unusual strategic move for an Irish king — and died on the day his side won.
He won Clontarf without fighting in it. All the earliest strands agree Brian was killed rather than falling in the line. The famous version — cut down in his tent while at prayer by the Viking Bróðir — first appears in Marianus Scotus’s chronicle more than half a century later, and is then elaborated by the Cogadh and by Njáls saga. The contemporary annal notice is bare: Brian and his son Murchad fell, and Bróðir killed him.
Nearly everything colourful about Brian comes from one piece of family propaganda. The Cogadh Gaedhel re Gallaibh was written about 1103–13 for his great-grandson, and was taken at face value by historians until the 1970s. Its inventions include Gormflaith as scheming instigator, Máel Sechnaill as a traitor who withdrew from the field, Viking arrows anointed with toad and dragon blood, and demons hovering over the dead. Clontarf was not a national liberation of Irish against Vikings: Vikings and Irish fought on both sides, and it is better read as a Munster against Leinster-and-Dublin war. Even Bóruma is posthumous — the contemporary annals call him simply Brian mac Cennétig. And the “Brian Boru harp” in Trinity College is fourteenth- or fifteenth-century and has no connection to him whatever.
Killaloe on the River Shannon, Co. Clare
photograph modern
👑 Cennétig mac Lorcáin, King of Thomond
birth year unrecorded  •  d. 951  •  his power lay in east Clare and north Tipperary, along the lower Shannon
place of death unrecorded
son of Lorcán mac Lachtna; mother not named in any source  •  m. Bé Binn ingen Urchada of Maigh Seóla in west Connacht, named as the mother of Brian. He had eleven or twelve sons.
Three chronicles record his death in 951, and they do not agree on what he was. The Chronicon Scotorum calls him king of Dál Cais. The Annals of Ulster call him rí Tuadmuman, king of Thomond. The Annals of Inisfallen call him only rígdamna Caisil — “material of a king of Cashel,” meaning an eligible candidate rather than a reigning king of Munster. That the Munster chronicle is the one giving him the lowest rank is the tell: his kingship of Munster is a later claim, not a contemporary fact.
He moved an obscure people into contention, and two of his sons finished the job. Mathgamain and then Brian took the kingship of Munster in turn. Others of his sons founded the Uí Chennétig and related Dalcassian septs — the surname Ó Cinnéide, Kennedy, descends from his name, so the modern surname is a direct memorial to him.
His daughter’s fate measures exactly how far the family had — and had not — risen. Órlaith was married to the high king Donnchad Donn of the southern Uí Néill, which shows the Dál gCais were now worth marrying. In 941 her husband put her to death for adultery, reportedly with his own son. The annals record it flatly.
Any confident birth date for him, and any pedigree running him back to prehistoric kings of Cashel, is constructed rather than recorded. The “c. 896” that circulates on genealogy sites has no source behind it. Later Dalcassian genealogy — produced once Brian’s descendants needed a pedigree to match their power — retro-fitted the family into an ancient alternating right to Cashel and made Cennétig and his father kings of Munster; historians regard that scheme as an eleventh- and twelfth-century fabrication, and the Dál gCais themselves as a rebranding of the Déis Tuaiscirt, a subject people. No depiction of him exists, so this card carries no picture.
The Bohun arms: azure, a bend argent cotised or between six lions rampant or
the coat is 13th-century; this drawing is modern
📜 Henry de Bohun, 1st Earl of Hereford — Magna Carta surety
b. c. 1175/76  •  d. 1 June 1220, on pilgrimage to the Holy Land
buried at Llanthony Secunda Priory, Gloucester — routinely confused with Llanthony Priory in the Vale of Ewyas. His seat was Pleshey Castle, Essex.
son of Humphrey III de Bohun, hereditary Constable to Henry II, and Margaret of Huntingdon, daughter of Henry of Scotland  •  m. Maud de Mandeville, sister of Geoffrey de Mandeville, another of the twenty-five
His personal grievance is the clearest illustration of what clause 39 was actually for. King John created him Earl of Hereford in 1200 — and simultaneously barred him from lands earlier granted to Earl Roger. From 1212 the king’s half-brother William Longespée challenged his lordship of Trowbridge, and the king seized the estate over Henry’s legal delays. That is disseisin “unjustly and without judgement” in textbook form, and his restitution letters were among the first issued under the charter in 1215.
Kinship, not principle alone, put him on the committee — his wife was sister to Geoffrey de Mandeville, one of the most extreme of the rebels. He was excommunicated with the rest, joined Louis of France, and was captured at Lincoln in 1217, the same battle and the same fate as Gilbert de Clare. He reconciled with the minority government and died three years later on pilgrimage.
He is not the Bohun killed by Robert the Bruce at Bannockburn. That was Sir Henry de Bohun, d. 23 June 1314, a knight of the English vanguard — ninety-four years later, and a cousin of the third earl rather than this man. The two are merged constantly. Worth adding: the Bannockburn encounter itself rests overwhelmingly on John Barbour’s The Brus, written in the 1370s, some sixty years after the event, where Bruce splits helmet and skull and regrets only that he has broken the shaft of his good axe. Beloved, and late verse.
Eleanor of Lancaster — brings Henry III and Louis VIII
1318–1372  •  Lancaster
Through her the line gains a second descent from Henry III, and through her mother Blanche of Artois a Capetian one from Louis VIII of France and Blanche of Castile.
👑 Louis VIII of France & Blanche of Castile
1187–1226  •  France
Louis VIII and Blanche of Castile were the parents of St Louis IX — and Blanche was a granddaughter of Henry II of England, folding the Plantagenets in yet again.
Where this leaves the count. If the Lee link holds, this branch brings kings of England, Scotland, France, Castile, León, Navarre, Aragon, Leinster and Kiev, five Magna Carta sureties, and four canonized saints — St Margaret of Scotland, St Ferdinand III, St Vladimir and St Olga — plus Blessed Humbert of Savoy. See where the two families meet → or both trees linked on one canvas →.
↩ back up to where this branched off

⑂ Branch Point — the Wood & Garnett Lines (through Catherine Carter Wood)

Catherine Carter Wood's ancestry opens a dense, will-and-Bible-documented Essex County network: Wood, Garnett, Gatewood, Gaines, Jameson, Fogg, and a Carter family (tested — not the "King" Carters of Corotoman). Solved, with original-record citations throughout. And a discovery: Catherine's father and Julia Wood's father (the Boughan line above) were brothers — so James Henry Boughan and Martha Ellen Micou were second cousins.
Catherine's parents
Carter Wood & Susanna Garnett
Carter bef. 1777 – 1808  •  Susanna b. Oct 24, 1782 (Garnett family Bible)
Of "Mount Comfort," Essex County  •  Carter's will (Oct 4, 1808, Essex WB 17, pp. 100–101) names daughters Maria Jameson Garnett Wood and Catharine Carter Wood and son Muscoe Garnett Wood — the children's names carry the whole maternal pedigree  •  widowed at ~26, Susanna remarried John Jones in 1812; a guardian bond (1815) covered Catherine's marriage
Documented · 1808 will, guardian bond, 1815 Enquirer notice
Carter's parents (Wood & Gatewood)
Capt. Thomas Wood & Catharine "Catey" Gatewood
Thomas bef. 1744 – Jan 1815  •  Catharine bef. 1740 – aft. 1799
Thomas was a working carpenter commissioned captain of the Essex militia in 1779 (Order Bk 29, p. 401) — a Revolutionary-era service line  •  the Nov 20, 1817 division of his estate (OB 43, pp. 65–67) names the heirs of BOTH sons Carter and William — one record proving both Catherine's and Julia's descents  •  Catharine was named in the 1743 will of her father William Gatewood (~1695–1744), whose wife was Caty Carter — orphan of Richard Carter of Essex (d. bef. 1698) & Mary Parr, a local family, not the Corotoman Carters
Documented · 1817 estate division; 1743 Gatewood will
Susanna's parents (Garnett)
Reuben Garnett & Mary "Molly" Gaines Jameson
Reuben Oct 8, 1749 – Apr 18, 1820  •  Molly b. Mar 2, 1760
Anchored by the Garnett family Bible — the physical book survives at the Library of Virginia (Accession 26184) with the births of Reuben, Molly, and Susanna written in period hands  •  Reuben's will (1820, WB 19, pp. 145–148) names daughter Susan Jones and her children  •  Reuben ← John Garnett (~1715–1772) m. Mary FoggThomas Garnett (will proved 1748) — Essex Garnetts documented to the early 1700s, with the immigrant John Garnett holding a 1673 grant  •  Molly was daughter of James Jameson & Mary Gaines (the Gaines link upward is unresolved — no royal-Welsh Gaines lore admitted)
Documented · LVA family Bible + 1820 will
Wood cluster — next steps. Pull the Essex chancery originals (the Library of Virginia index has the causes; several may be digitized), the Garnett Bible copies (LVA Acc. 26184), and the 1808/1817 will-book images. Open questions: Mary Gaines's parentage (which Gaines family?), Maria Jameson Garnett Wood's line, and Muscoe Garnett Wood (~1808–1858). Colorful collateral: Julia's brother Fontaine Wood became a Vicksburg, Mississippi city councilman and coroner.
3rd-great-grandparents (Thomas — Ella's parents)
Daniel Tecumseh Thomas & Martha Matilda “Tilda” Been Thomas
Daniel 1843 – 1945  •  Martha 1853 – 1940
Parents of Ella Thomas (James Roy Boughan's wife)  •  Ella b. Missouri  •  Martha's maiden name Been
Documented · FindAGrave (via Ella Thomas Boughan #21855837)
Boughan & Micou — the deepest lines on either family's tree, now drawn in full. The Boughan line runs nine generations from Wanda Boughan to the immigrant James Boughan (Virginia by 1655, d. 1678); the Micou line reaches the Huguenot refugee Paul Micou (c. 1658–1736) — and now, through Mary Lee, a royal-gateway candidate line into the Lees of Virginia and Alice Eltonhead (see the gold panel above). Nearly every link rests on a named-heir will, a chancery suit, or a land record. Links flagged as softest, next to firm up against original documents: Augustine → John Boughan (~1720), immigrant Paul Micou → John Micou, and Philip Lee → John Lee. Still open nearby: the Thomas, Pettigrew (Lena), Leavens (Mary Jane), and Been (Martha) lines.
Will’s side of the family
The Davis–Trenckmann Family →
Davis & Morgan, Trenckmann & Conway — forty-five documented generations
Where the two families meet
🔗 The Two Trees, Linked →
Both pedigrees on one canvas, with the thirty-seven shared ancestors joined